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Limnology > Part II > Flashcards

Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Types of prokaryotes

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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2
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

protists (algae and protozoa), plants, animals, and fungi

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3
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack intracellular organelles.

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4
Q

Three common types of bacteria shapes

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

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5
Q

Prokaryotes relationship to SA

A

prokaryotes have some of the largest surface area to volume ratios of all organisms. Supply of nutrients is determined by surface area.

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6
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

True bacteria (eubacteria). Possess chlorophyll a. Chloroplasts in plants phytoplankton originate d cyanobacteria.

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7
Q

What important ecosystem process are cyanobacteria known for?

A

Nitrogen fixation.

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8
Q

Types of cyanobacteria morphology

A

unicellular, filaments, colonial

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9
Q

What are some of the specialized cells of cyanobacteria?

A

Akinete, heterocyst, and vegetative cells

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10
Q

What doe the akinete do?

A

accumulates reserves of proteins and is a granular intracellular structure, stores protein.

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11
Q

What is a heterocyst?

A

specialized cell in cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen. It lacks light absorption and an oxygen producing photosystem.

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12
Q

How does the environment influence heterocyst formation?

A

When environmental nitrogen is low formation of heterocysts occurs. Nitrogen is passed from heterocyst to vegetative cells.

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13
Q

How do cyanobacteria reproduce?

A

generally asexually, but they can exchange DNA through transformation and transduction

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14
Q

What harmful event are cyanobacteria known for?

A

algal blooms which occur in lakes and some species produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins.

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15
Q

How abundant are cyanobacteria?

A

Extremely, 0.2-400 million/mL in lakes. almost the same biomass as fish. They are responsible for a large fraction of the lake’s metabolism

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16
Q

What are protists?

A

Characterized by organelles. Comprised of protozoa (animal-like) and algae (plant-like). 60,000 named species. Single celled, sometimes for filaments or colonies.

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17
Q

Characterize protists

A

typically have flagella or cilia and are characterized by the lack of photosynthesis. ex. giardia, paramecium, amoeba.

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18
Q

How are algae and protist different?

A

Algae can photosynthesize

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19
Q

Taxonomic groups of algae.

A

Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta.

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20
Q

Chrysophyta ?

A

Contains both: Chrysophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Both are single-celled and colonial forms. Yellow born pigments. Cells have silica plates, scales, or walls.

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21
Q

Chrysophyta Chrysophyceae?

A

Tend to do well in oligotrophic and cold lake. Colonial forms often lead to test and odor. ex. dinobryon, synura

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22
Q

Chrysophyta: Bacillariophyceae

A

Two forms: centric (radial) or pennate (bilateral). Uni-or colonial, found in littoral substrate. Preserve well due to silica. 40% of earth’s oxygen is produced by photo diatoms.

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23
Q

Pyrrhophyta?

A

Dinoflagellates, unicellular forms with two flagella. Marine species form red tides.

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24
Q

Cryptophyta?

A

Motile and unicellular always with two flagella. Good food source, red or brown pigmentation

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25
Q

Euglenophyta?

A

Unicellular, lack cell wall. 1-3 flagella. Some are phagotrophic and lack photo pigments. Others are photosynthetic and falcutatively phagotrophic.

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26
Q

Chlorophyta?

A

Variety of shapes and forms (Uni, colonial, filamentous, dismisds) Most similar to higher plants. Contain chlorophyll b, plants have both a ad b. Phytoplank just a.

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27
Q

Discuss Synedra and Asterionella example of competition.

A

When these types of algae occur together synedra is better at obtaining silica and causes Asterionella to go extinct. Later research attributes to unfavorable temperature conditions for asterionella, otherwise it is a better competitor.

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28
Q

What is R*?

A

Concentration of the limiting nutrient required to grow at a specific dilution rate (D). Species with lowest R* should have the competitive advantage

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29
Q

What is seasonal succession?

A

Different species are better adapted to certain season and dominate those seasons.

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30
Q

What happens during winter in terms of seasonal succession?

A

Low algal biomass dominated by motile chrysophytes and cryptophytes. Red pigmented crytophytes do well in cold temperatures. Major limiting factor is light, nutrients and temperatures are also limiting factors.

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31
Q

What happens during spring in terms of seasonal succession?

A

Rapid growth of algae particularly diatoms. Temperatures increase and nutrients circulate w/in the lake and enter via snowmelt. Often times highest biomass. Limited likely only by temp.

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32
Q

What happens during summer in terms of seasonal succession?

A

Herbivorous zooplankton catch up to phytoplankton and reduce algal abundance very rapid. Nutrients decline and lake stratifies. Diatoms are replaced by warmer water species like chlorophytes and cyanobacteria. Followed by another bloom in late summer

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33
Q

What happens during fall in terms of seasonal succession?

A

mixing increases nutrients, light levels decline as well as temp. Large unicellular and filamentous algae. Resurgence of diatoms, better adapted to cooler temps

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34
Q

When do peaks in diatom communities typically occur?

A

when stratification begins.

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35
Q

What are rotifers?

A

Small wheel animalcules. Range from 80um-1.5mm

Two classes: Bdelloidea (benthic) and monogononta (platonic and benthic)

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36
Q

Rotifer body plan?

A

Relatively simple body plan, no segmentation or jointed appendages

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37
Q

Bdelloids reproduction?

A

Obligate parthenogenesis (always sexual).

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38
Q

Monogononta reproduction?

A

Facultative parthenogenesis (sometimes asexual). Trigger of asexual reproduction not well understood. Likely temperature and other abiotic factors.

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39
Q

Rotifer feeding morphologies?

A

Some are filter feeders using their head to bring in small particles like bacteria or small phytoplankton. Others are raptorial predators and use a complex jaw to grasp prey.

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40
Q

Groups of crusteceans-branchipods?

A 
Anostraca-fairy shrimp
Notostraca-tadpole shrimp
Laevicaudata/spinicaudata-clam shrimp
Cladoceran-water fleas (daphnia). 
Characterized-external skeleton, jointed appendages, compound eyes, segemented
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41
Q

Fairy, tadpole, and clam shrimps characteristics?

A

Restricted to temporary ponds. Mostly feed on algae, bacteria, rotifers, protozoans. Strain or scrape food with legs. Tadpole shrimp feed on tadpoles, frogs eggs, mollusks, worms

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42
Q

Crustacean reproduction?

A

Wide range. Sexual, asexual, and hermaphroditic. Diapausing eggs produced via sexual in fairy, clam, tadpole shrimps. Diapausing can survive desiccation, fires, freezing

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43
Q

Characteristics of cladocera

A

encased in carapace which can be pigmented. Variation in shape and form and often times is influenced by predation and form spikes or helmets to avoid predation.

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44
Q

Describe cladoceran reproduction

A

Alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction known as cyclic parthenogenesis. Correlated to seasonality..

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45
Q

Cladoceran feeding techniques?

A

Largely herbivorous filter feeders, generate current with thoracic legs and capture particles. Some can feed selectively by ejecting a toxin to algae. Some are predators.

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46
Q

What taxa are copepods classified as?

A

Crustecea

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47
Q

Types of copepods?

Typical characteristics?

A

Calanoida, cyclopoids, harpacticoida. simple eyes, segmented bodies, no carapace, 0.5-5mm.

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48
Q

Copepods reproduction?

A

Obligate sexual reproduction for most species. Calanoid and harpacticoids produce both subitaneous and diapausing eggs. Environmental cues dictate.

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49
Q

What subtaxa of copepods can enter diapause as juveniles?

A

cyclopoids

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50
Q

How do copepods feed? and on what?

A

Mostly planktonic. They use antennae to generate water currents that bring food to them. Catch, grasp, and bring to mouth. Algae, bacteria, rotifers, protozoans, other copepods, small cladocerans. Selective.

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51
Q

Types of macro inverts?

A

Annelida, nematoda, cnidaria, ectoprocta, mollusca, arthropoda.

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52
Q

Classes of annelida?

A

Oligochaete (segmented worms) and hirudinea (leeches)

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53
Q

Describe oligochaete

A

segmented worms, often found in polluted areas associated with low oxygen, use hemoglobin to carry O2

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54
Q

Describe hirudinea

A

leeches, ectoparasites consume blood and fluids of verts.

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55
Q

Characteristics of phylum nematoda

A

round worms, small, diversely dispersed, parasitic

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56
Q

Characteristics of Cnidaria?

A

few freshwater species, nematocysts

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57
Q

What phyla are bryozoans from?

A

Ectoprocta. Rarely observed in freshwaters, occasionally form large colonies. Can remain dormant for years.

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58
Q

Gastropoda and pelecypoda are subphyla of what phylum?

A

Mollusca.
Gastro-snails and limpets.
Pelecypods-bivalves

59
Q

What phyla is crustacean apart of?

A

Arthropoda. Crustaceans Consists of amphipoda (scuds/sideswimmers), isopoda (sow bugs), mysidacea (opossum shrimp), decapoda (crayfish, shrimp, crabs).

60
Q

Characteristics of amphipods?

A

tend to be small, omnivores, freq. in terrestrial and marine.

61
Q

what is an example of Mysidacea an amphipod. ?

A

Mysis.

62
Q

Give an example of a trophic cascade?

A

Mysis were stocked in flathead lake, Montana to provide food for kokanee. Mysis perform diel migration from bottom to surface. Kokanee did not feed, mysis outcompeted them for food zooplankton.

63
Q

Describe an example of a decapod?

A

Crabs/Crayfish, which are long lived, dominant members of the benthos. can survive on land for two weeks. High egg output.

64
Q

Are crayfish a threatened species?

A

Yes, very speciose group >350 in Canada/US.

65
Q

Hexapoda: Class insecta belongs where? Give an example of a hexapod.

A

Subphylum of Arthropoda. Extremely speciose group characterized by three pairs of appendages on the head.

66
Q

Are terrestrial or aquatic insects more thermally stable?

A

Aquatic, it is likely they migrated to the water to utilize the thermal stability.

67
Q

How do aquatic insects breathe?

A

carry air stores in cavities or have gills

68
Q

Name some examples of insects.

A

Coleoptera (beetles), Odonata (dragonfly), trichoptera (caddis), Diptera (flies), Ephemeroptera (may), Plecoptra (stonefly), hemiptera (true bugs)

69
Q

Classifications of insects?

A

Classified by feeding mode: shredders, collectors, scrapers, predators, macrophyte piercers.

70
Q

What is extreme emergence?

A

emerging from larval stages synchronously.

71
Q

What are aquatic insects sensitive to?

A

Environmental conditions. Particularly pollution. Stoneflies (plecoptera)/mayflies (ephemeroptera), odonates, tricoptera. Isopods, leeches, less sensitive

72
Q

Chelicerate include?

A

Arachnida or spiders and water mites. >6,000 species of water mites. Larval parasitic to other inverts.

73
Q

Types of macrophytes.

A

Emergent, floating leaved plants, free floating plants, submerged, and algae.

74
Q

Duckweed is what type of macrophyte?

A

free floating. Lemna.

75
Q

Sedge is what type of macrophyte?

A

emergent. Carex

76
Q

Curly leaf pondweed is what type of macrophyte?

A

submerged. Potamogeton crispus

77
Q

A lily is what type of macrophyte?

A

floating leaved plant

78
Q

What are pteridophytes?

A

vascular plants like ferns.

79
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

seed producing vascular plants. i.e. swamp cypress Taxodium

80
Q

Flowering plants are?

A

Angiosperms. Monocotyledons (one cotyledon or embryonic leaf) and dicotyledons (Two)

81
Q

Structures of macrophytes?

A

Roots (rhizome, holdfast), stem (single cell in macro algae), leaves, flowers, seeds.

82
Q

How long are macrophytes life cycle typically?

A

one year

83
Q

Explain macrophyte lifecycle.

A

Germination, exponential growth (race against phytoplankton), self shading (outcompeting self), flowering and fruiting, seasonal maximum biomass, dying.

84
Q

Types of aquatic vertebrates?

A

Fishes, amphibians/reptile, birds, mammals

85
Q

How diverse are fish?

A

Incredibly. More species than all other vertebrates combined.

86
Q

Classes of fish include?

A

Agnatha, chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes.

87
Q

Agnatha includes what fish?

A

Jawless fishes, lamprey hagfish

88
Q

Sharks and rays are part of what class of fish? What is distinguishing characteristic?

A

Chondrichthyes. Cartiliginous.

89
Q

What fish make up the class Osteichthyes?

A

Bony fish. Skeleton bones, spines in fins, lip bones.

90
Q

class Sarcotperyii includes what type of fish?

A

Lobe finned fishes

91
Q

Actinopterygii are what fish?

A

ray-finned fishes

92
Q

Pros and cons of Cartilage skeleton

A

lightweight, flexible. Con: increased pressure requires certain points to be calcified

93
Q

Pros and cons of boney skeleton

A

dense and sinks, requires swim bladder, bony rays allow for advanced locomotion, strong and can repair

94
Q

Examples of sarcopterygii?

A

Lungfishes and coelacanths. Living fossils haven’t changed for millions of years. Lung fish freshwater.

95
Q

How much biodiversity of fishes do ray finned fishes represent?

A

96%. Extremely important to functioning of freshwater systems.

96
Q

Types of feeding and morphology

A

Piscivore, planktivore, herbivore, benthivore, insectivore

97
Q

Types of reproductive life histories?

A

Opportunistic (optimizing when conditions don’t change), periodic (reproduce when periodically good), equilibrium (good when conditions do not change)

98
Q

Definition of population ecology

A

Typically measured as number of individuals per unit area or volume (density)

99
Q

What are meta populations?

A

a population of populations connected by dispersal, allows for exchange of genetic material.

100
Q

Types of species distributions w/in a habitat?

A

even (uniform), random, clumped

101
Q

Exponential growth equation?

A

Nt=Noe^rt

102
Q

Logistic growth equation?

A

dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)

103
Q

What influences growth?

A

birth, death, immigration, and emigration

104
Q

What are density dependent factors?

A

birth death, and dispersal rates change as the density of the population changes.

105
Q

Density-independent factors

A

effects on birth and death rates are independent of the number of individuals in the population. Temperature, precip, catastrophes

106
Q

What is the Allee affect?

A

+density dependence at low densities–>increasing density results in increasing growth rate b/c greater access to feeding/mating.

107
Q

What is MSY?

A

Maximum sustainable yield. Refers to harvest and sustaining fisheries. K/2

108
Q

What is recruitment in terms of fisheries management?

A

Refers to the age at which a fish can be caught and counted

109
Q

Compare biotic and abiotic controls over a population.

A

Biotic include predation, competition, food availability.

Abiotic include temperature, salinity, and pH.

110
Q

How are communities defined?

A

Taxonomic affinity-groups that are closely related in evolutionary sense.
Guild-groups that use same resource
Functional group-groups that have similar ways of obtaining the same resource.

111
Q

How are communities quantified?

A

Species richness, evenness, and diversity calculations.

112
Q

What are alpha, beta, and gamma representative of in terms of quantifying species richness?

A

A-richness of local community
Beta-comparison between two locales
Gamma- richness of reign

113
Q

What does species evenness measure?

A

relative abundance compared to one another. Simpson and SW.

114
Q

What is relative abundance? How is it measured?

A

proportionally, how many individuals of each species relative to total number of individual in community.
total ind. species/total ind. comm.

115
Q

Formula for SW diversity

A

Dshannon=-sum[(pi)*ln(pi)]

pi=relative species abundance

116
Q

SW evenness calculation

A

Eshannon=Dshannon/ln(S)

S=#of species

117
Q

Simpson diversity formula

A

Dsimp=1/sum[(pi^2)]

pi=relative species abundance

118
Q

Simpson evenness calculation

A

Esimp=Dsimp/S

S=# of species

119
Q

What is Beta Diversity?

A

Sorenson’s Index comp of two communities
(beta)=2C/(S1+S2)
C=number of species common to both communities
S1=richness of comm. 1
S2=richness of comm. 2
0=no sp. overlap, 1=total overlap

120
Q

Major types of community interactions?

A

Predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, symbioses

121
Q

What did brooks and dodson demonstrate about the importance of predation in structuring communities?

A

Influencing community structure based on prey selection differences in alewife gill rakers. The variations in prey selection directly influenced the community composition. W/alewife communities of zooplankton were smaller than those w/o alewife predator.

122
Q

Describe types of competition for limited resources

A

intraspecific-between individuals of the same species.

Interspecific-between individuals of different species

123
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

In theory two species that have the exact same requirements cannot coexist and the superior competitor will drive the other to extinction.

124
Q

What is the exception to competitive exclusion?

A

the paradox of the plankton by Evelyn G. Hutchinson.

125
Q

How do species reduce competition?

A

By specializing avoiding each other in time and space, resource partitioning.

126
Q

What controls the numbers and types of species present?

A

Space. As lake size increases so does the number of zooplankton species.

127
Q

What does specializing do for species?

A

Allows them to take advantage of unique conditions. .

128
Q

What are trophic cascades?

A

An indirect interaction between different levels of the trophic succession.

129
Q

Define landscape ecology?

A

The spatially explicit study of lakes, streams, and wetlands as they interact with freshwater, terrestrial, and human landscapes. Determines the effects of pattern on ecosystem processes across temporal and spatial scales.

130
Q

How does position within the landscape affect the ecology organisms?

A

Dispersal is highly affected by connectivity. Pollutants could concentrate in isolated systems. Influences nutrient availability and input from terrestrial sources.

131
Q

What is the river continuum concept?

A

Hypothesized that biological communities of streams changed in a predictable manner from headwater to outlet.

132
Q

What is lake ontogeny?

A

Lakes and rivers evolve and change over relatively short time period.

133
Q

Subitaneous eggs?

A

Clone from mother, asexual reproduction result.

134
Q

Diapausing eggs result from what?

A

Diapausing eggs are only reproduced as a pair as a result of sexual. Asexual reproduction is more efficient than sexual and continues. diapausing eggs are like bet hedging.

135
Q

When does vegetation growth happen in terms of lake age?

A

Growth occurs as the lake ages because the retreat of the glacier exposes bare ground as well as creating lakes.

136
Q

How do lakes progress w/o human impacts?

A

Lakes fill up gradually with sediment and become so shallow they will eventually turn into a wetland. Drainage lakes tend to fill with silt, sand and gravel from erosion upstream. Seepage lakes fill with organic material which produces peat.

137
Q

When were significant changes noted in lakes? What was the cause?

A

60’s and 70’s mostly linked to human activities.

138
Q

What are some study designs/techniques that can be used to disprove industry?

A

long term studies, experiments, models, paleolimnology.

139
Q

What are some benefits of longterm monitoring?

A

important baseline information about systems, particularly if something changes right in the middle of your dataset.

140
Q

What is the lakeshore capacity model?

A

mathematical model built to determine how much of the shoreline could be developed without affecting water quality and fish biology.

141
Q

What is the acidification model?

A

conceptual model to determine the factors that influence species recovery.

142
Q

Malacostraca is part of which phyla?

A

Arthropoda. Composed of amphipoda, isopoda, mysidacea, decapoda

143
Q

Arthropoda is made of which subphyla?

A

Malacostraca, inscena, arachnida

Limnology (2 decks)

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