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Physics > Particles > Flashcards

Particles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main constituents of an atom?

A

Proton
Neutron
Electron

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2
Q

What is meant by specific charge

A

The charge to mass ratio:

Specific charge=charge/mass

Units C/kg

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3
Q

What is the letter associated with a proton number?

A

Z

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4
Q

What is a nucleon

A

A constituent of nucleus:
a proton or neutron

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5
Q

What letter represents nuclear number?

A

A

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6
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A version of an element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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7
Q

State a use of radioactive isotopes

A

Carbon dating: the proportion of carbon-14 in a material can be used to estimated age

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8
Q

What is the strong nuclear force?

A

The fundamental force that keeps the nucleus stable by counteracting the electrostatic force of repulsion between protons

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9
Q

Describe the range of the strong force

A

Repulsive up to 0.5fm
Attractive from 0.5-3fm
Negligible past 3fm

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10
Q

What makes a nucleus unstable

A

Nuclei, which have too many of either protons or neutrons or both

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11
Q

How do nuclei with too many nucleons decay

A

Alpha decay

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12
Q

How do nuclei with too many neutrons decay

A

Beta minus decay in which a neutron decays to a proton by the weak interaction

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13
Q

How was the existence of neutrino hypothesised

A

The energy of particles after the dedicate was lower than before

A particle with zero charge and negligible mass must carried away this excess energy

this particle is the neutrino

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14
Q

What is meant by beta minus decay?

A

When a neutron turns into a proton, atom releases an electron and an anti-electron neutrino

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15
Q

What is an antiparticle?

A

For each particle there is an antiparticle with the same rest energy and mass, but all other properties are the opposite of its respective particle

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16
Q

What occurs when a particle and antiparticle meet

A

Annihilation
The mass of the particle and anti particle is converted back to energy in the form of two gamma photons, which go in opposite directions to conserve momentum

17
Q

What is pair production?

A

A gamma ray photon is converted into a particle-antiparticle pair

18
Q

What is the minimum energy of a photon required to make a proton antiproton pair?

A

2x proton rest energy

2x 938.257 = 1876.514 MeV

19
Q

Name the four fundamental forces

A

Gravity
Electromagnetic
Weak nuclear
Strong nuclear

20
Q

The virtual photon is the exchange particle for which force

A

The electromagnetic force

21
Q

What type of particles are affected by the strong nuclear force?

A

Hadrons

22
Q

What is the exchange particle of the weak nuclear Force?

A

The W boson (W+ or W-)

23
Q

What does the electromagnetic force act on?

A

It acts on charged objects

24
Q

When does weak nuclear interaction occur?

A

When quark character changes, it affects all the types of particles

25
Q

Which properties must be conserved in particle interactions

A

Energy
Charge
Baryon number
Lepton number
Momentum
Strangeness (only for strong interactions)

26
Q

What is a Hadron?

A

Both baryons and mesons are hadrons
Hadrons are made of 2 or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force

27
Q

What are the classes of Hadrons

A

Baryons (3 quarks)
Mesons (1quark, 1 antiquark)

28
Q

The pion and kaon are both examples of which class of particle

A

Mesons

29
Q

The pion can be an exchange particle for which force

A

The strong nuclear force

30
Q

What particle does a kaon decay into

A

A kaon decays into a pion

31
Q

What is significant about a proton?

A

It is the only stable baryon
All baryons will eventually decay into protons

32
Q

What does a muon decay into

A

An electron

33
Q

What is the strangeness value of a strange quark?

A

-1

34
Q

Is strangeness always conserved in weak interaction

A

No
Strangeness is only conserved in the strong interaction
In the weak interaction it can change by 0, -1 and +1

35
Q

What are strange particles produced through

A

The strong interaction

36
Q

What do strange particles decay through

A

The weak interaction

Physics (7 decks)

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