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Physics paper 1 > Particles and Quantum Phenomena > Flashcards

Particles and Quantum Phenomena Flashcards

1
Q

isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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2
Q

equation for specific charge

A

charge/mass

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3
Q

units of specific charge

A

C kg ^-1

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4
Q

particle with greatest specific charge

A

electron

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5
Q

what is an alpha particle

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

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6
Q

beta minus particle

A

a fast moving electron formed through the conversion of a neutron to a proton

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7
Q

beta plus particle

A

a fast moving electron formed through the conversion of a proton to a neutron

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8
Q

gamma particle

A

a high energy photon

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9
Q

nuclear equation for alpha decay

A

azX –> a-4 z-2 Y + 42α

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10
Q

nuclear equation for beta minus decay

A

azX –> a z+1Y + 0-1β- + v-e (anti)

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11
Q

nuclear equation for beta plus decay

A

azX –> a z-1Y + 0+1β+ ve

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12
Q

need for neutrinos

A

conservation of lepton number and energy. they have zero charge and nearly zero mass

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13
Q

feynman diagram beta minus decay

A

n→p ; W- ; v-e and β-

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14
Q

feynman diagram beta plus decay

A

p→n ; W+ ; ve and β+

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15
Q

feynman diagram electron capture

A

p→n ; W+ ; e→ve

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16
Q

feynman diagram for proton electron capture

A

p→n ; W- ; e→ve

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17
Q

axes of a feynman diagram

A

vertical axis - time
horizontal axis - space

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18
Q

forces and corresponding exchange particles

A

strong force - gluon or pion
weak force - W boson
electromagnetic force - virtual photon
gravitational force - graviton

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

strong nuclear force function and ranges

A
  • keeps nucleus stable
  • attractive up to 3 fm
  • repulsive up to 0.5 fm
  • very short range
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21
Q

can quarks change type

A

only in weak interaction

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22
Q

pair production

A
  • when a gamma photon changes into a particle and its corresponding antiparticle (move in opposite directions)
  • only happens if the energy of the photon > 2mc^2 (rest mass)
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23
Q

annihilation

A

when a particle and its antiparticle meet, they destroy each other and release 2 gamma photons travelling in opposite directions with the energy of the photons equivalent to the mass of the 2 particles

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24
Q

anti matter

A

particles with the same rest mass but equal and opposite charge as its corresponding particles

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25
Q

what do exchange particles transfer

A
  • momentum
  • energy
  • force
  • charge (in weak interactions)
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26
Q

difference between hadrons and leptons

A

hadrons experience the strong force, leptons do not

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27
Q

hadron subgroups

A

baryons and mesons

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28
Q

baryon

A
  • 3 quarks (baryon) or 3 antiquarks (antibaryon)
  • strangeness = 0
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29
Q

meson composition

A
  • quark and anti-quark pair
  • pions or kaons
  • strangeness = 0 (pion) or +- 1 (kaon)
30
Q

quark composition of protons

A

uud

31
Q

quark composition of neutrons

A

udd

32
Q

quark composition of anti proton

A

anti up, anti up, anti down

33
Q

quark composition of anti-neutron

A

anti up, anti down, anti down

34
Q

quark composition of pions

A

π⁺ - ud- up, anti down
π⁻ - u-d anti up, down
π° - u-u, or d-d up, anti-up or down, anti-down

35
Q

quark composition of kaons

A

K⁺ - us- up, anti-strange
K° - ds- down, anti-strange
K°− - sd- strange, anti-down
K⁻ - su- strange, anti-up

36
Q

what do Kaons decay through

A

weak interaction

37
Q

what do baryons decay into

A

protons

38
Q

most stable baryon

A

proton

39
Q

what is conserved in weak interaction

A
  • Energy
  • Momentum
  • Charge
  • Baryon Number
  • Lepton Number (electron/muon)
40
Q

what is conserved in strong force

A
  • Energy
  • Momentum
  • Charge
  • Baryon Number
  • Lepton Number (electron/muon)
  • strangeness
41
Q

what is a strange particle

A

a particle that contains at least 1 strange quark or antiquark

42
Q

characteristics of a strange quark

A
  • it has a strangeness of -1
  • produced through strong interaction
  • decay through weak interaction
43
Q

the photoelectric effect

A

shining light of a sufficiently high frequency onto the surface of a metal will result in the metal emitting (photo)electrons

44
Q

conclusions from the photoelectric effect

A
  1. no photoelectrons are emitted for radiation with a frequency < threshold frequency
  2. the photoelectrons emitted have a range of kinetic energies from zero to maximum which are unaffected by the intensity of the light
  3. the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is proportional to the intensity of the radiation
45
Q

wave theory

A

energy carried by light is proportional to intensity and is spread evenly over the wavefront so that each free electron gains a bit of energy at a time until all of them leave the metal

46
Q

einstein’s model of light

A

EM waves exist in discrete packets called photons and each photon has a one-on-one, particle like interaction with an electron in a metal surface, to which it transfers all its energy hence the work function

47
Q

work function

A

minimum energy required to liberate the least bound electron from the surface of a metal

48
Q

work function units

A

joules

49
Q

threshold frequency

A

minimum frequency needed to remove the least bound electron from the surface of a metal

50
Q

the terms hf, Φ and Ekmax in the photoelectric equation

A

hf = Φ + Ekmax
hf - photon energy
Φ - work function (see definition above)
Ekmax - maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron

51
Q

graph of Ek against frequency

A

gradient = Planck’s constant
y intersect = work function
x intersect = threshold frequency

52
Q

the Electron Volt (eV)

A

the energy gained by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 Volt

53
Q

converting between electron Volts and joules

A

1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

54
Q

excitation

A

an orbital electron moves up from one energy level to another by gaining a specific quantity of energy

55
Q

excited atom

A

atom in which an orbiting electron is raised up to a higher energy level

56
Q

ionisation (florescence tube)

A

when an electron is removed from an atom

57
Q

ionisation energy

A

minimum energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom in its ground state

58
Q

ground state of an atom

A

the lowest energy state of an atom

59
Q

fluorescence

A
  • fluorescent tubes contain Mercury vapour, across which an initial high voltage is applied
  • high voltage accelerates electrons which ionise some mercury atoms producing more free electrons
  • flow of electrons collides with mercury atoms exciting electrons to higher energy levels
  • excited electrons emit high energy UV photons upon de-excitation which are absorbed by a phosphor coating and lower energy photons are emitted in the visible part of the spectrum
60
Q

emission/absorption spectrum

A

cool gases can absorb certain wavelengths of light (absorption spectrum) which can be seen in the emission spectrum

61
Q

what is wave particle duality

A

particles behave sometimes as particles and sometime as waves

62
Q

experiment showing waves behaving as particles

A

photoelectric effect

63
Q

experiment showing particles behaving as waves

A

electron diffraction

64
Q

momentum

A

mass x velocity

65
Q

units of momentum

A

kgms-1

66
Q

stopping potential

A

the potential difference required to stop the fastest moving photoelectrons moving with kinetic energy Ek(max)

67
Q

particle diffraction effects

A

a particle will diffract when the size of its de Broglie wavelength is roughly the same size as the object causing the diffraction. max diffraction occurs when they are equal

68
Q

relationship between momentum and de Broglie wavelength

A

inversely proportional

69
Q

de-excitation

A

when an orbital electron moves down from one energy level to another and a photon is emitted with a frequency dependent on the energy difference

70
Q

process of hypothesis and validation

A
  • a theory is hypothesised
  • the theory undergoes evaluation by other scientists
  • the theory is tested by experiments
  • it is then validated and assumed true until new conflicting evidence comes along
  • this process prevents theories which are clearly false being accepted by the scientific community
71
Q

isotopic data

A

the relative amounts of different isotopes of an element found within a substance

Physics paper 1 (5 decks)

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