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Patho/Pharm > Patho Exam 4 Pulmonary > Flashcards

Patho Exam 4 Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of epiglottitis?

A

microbe localizes in the supraglottic area causing rapid and potentially fatal inflammation

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2
Q

Clinical manifestations of TB

A

hx of contact w/ infected person
low grade fever
cough w/ rust colored sputum
night sweats
weight loss
apical crackles

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3
Q

Pathology in what areas causes restrictive disorders?

A

lungs, pleura, ribs, neuromuscular, and obesity

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4
Q

Physiology of the late phase of asthma

A

WBC invade bronchioles causing edema and swelling of epithelium

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5
Q

What disease is bronchiectasis associated with?

A

cystic fibrosis

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6
Q

TB treatment

A

ABX for 9-12 months, rifampin

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7
Q

Occupational lung disease
-treatment

A

prevent further exposure, corticosteriods, inhaled bronchiodialotors, O2 therapy, positive pressure ventilation, postural drainage, and deep breathing exercises

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8
Q

What type of medication will the immediate phase of asthma respond to?

A

Beta agonist

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9
Q

What is the treatment for bronchiectasis?

A

antibiotics, bronchodilators, and chest PT.

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10
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-clinical manifestations: acute

A

Symptoms start after 4-6 hours after exposure
chilled, sweating, fatigue, dyspnea at rest, dry cough, lung base crackles, late cyanosis

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11
Q

What is the normal population for epiglottitis?

A

Children 2-4 y/o

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12
Q

types of retractions

A

suprasternal, supraclavicular, intercostal, and epigastric

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13
Q

Guillain-Barre etiology and clinical manifestations

A

immune based
demyelination of peripheral nerves
recent history of viral or bacterial illness followed by ascending paralysis

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14
Q

Which spirometry results indicate a restrictive disorder?

A

decreased vital capacity, residual volume, functional residual capacity, tidal volume, and total lung capacity

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15
Q

What causes the reactivation of primary tuberculosis?

A

HIV, steroids, silicosis, and diabetes

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16
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-pathogenesis and hallmark of disease

A

!Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in upper lobes (hallmark)
genetic predisposition
antigen-antibody complexes elicit granulomatous inflammation leads to lung tissue injury

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17
Q

Opportunistic pneumonia fungi

A

pneumocystis jiroveci and aspergillus

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18
Q

Diagnosis of pneumonia

A

Chest xray- parenchymal infiltrates (white shadows)
sputum culture
CURB-65
WBC > 15000 bacteria

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19
Q

Signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A

wheezing, crackles, decreased breath sounds, retractions, increased sputum, dyspnea, tachypnea, and low-grade fever.

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20
Q

Which COPD disease is a pink puffer?

A

emphysema

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21
Q

Pickwikian syndrome

A

increased abdominal size forces thoracic contents upward into chest cavity. Decreases lung expansion.

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22
Q

Clinical manifestations of epiglottitis

A

drooling, dysphagia, dysphonia, inspiratory stridor and retractions. Oropharynx is swollen and cherry red.

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23
Q

Diffuse interstitial lung disease
-diagnosis

A

Chest xray, pulmonary function tests, lung biopsy, CT scan.

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24
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-clinical manifestations: intermediate and chronic
heart!

A

cor pulmonale, acute febrile episodes, progressive pulmonary fibrosis with cough, dyspnea, fatigue.

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25
Q

What are the chest xray findings for bronchitis?

A

congested lung fields, increased bronchial vascular markings, enlarged horizontal heart

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26
Q

Diffuse interstitial lung disease
-clinical manifestations

A

shortness of breath, nonproductive coughing, fatigue, and weight loss, which tend to develop slowly, over several months. Nail clubbing and bibasilar end-expiratory crackles. Late-stage cyanosis.

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27
Q

In which COPD disease are retractions present?

A

Emphysema and end stage bronchitis

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28
Q

What is the CES of asthma?

A

Constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle
Edema due to inflammatory processes
Secretions of thick mucus

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29
Q

treatment of pneumothorax

A

Less than 25% collapse treat symptoms
Greater than 25% chest tube and oxygen
Chemical pleurodesis
Thoracotomy

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30
Q

Which COPD disease has hyper-resonance upon percussion?

A

emphysema

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31
Q

Occupational lung disease
-etiology

A

results from inhalation of toxic gases or foreign particles

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32
Q

Three lung parenchyma disorders

A

diffuse interstitial lung disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and occupational lung disease

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33
Q

Which type of COPD is evidence of right sided heart failure?

A

bronchitis

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34
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

More common in men than women
Degenerative disease of the nervous system (upper and lower motor neurons)
progressive muscle weakness and wasting leading to respiratory muscle failure

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35
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia
-description
-symptoms

A

common in summer and fall in ages 5-20
fever, cough, headache, and malaise

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36
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

traumatic origin
penetrating or nonpenetrating injury
also caused by medical causes
medical emergency

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37
Q

In which COPD disease is edema present?

A

Emphysema

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38
Q

Which COPD disease presents with jugular vein distension?

A

bronchitis

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39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis?

A

Proliferation and necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium which causes obstruction and increased mucus production. Leads to lung collapse and hyperinflation.

40
Q

What body build is associated with emphysema?

A

thin and wasted

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of late-phase asthma

A

dyspnea, wheezing, cough, hyper resonance, tachypnea, retractions, and speech dyspnea

42
Q

Muscular Dystrophies (Duchenne)

A

hereditary, 1/3500
progressive muscular weakness bottom up
respiratory muscles involved in later years and lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and frequent respiratory infections

43
Q

What is status asthmaticus

A

severe, prolonged asthma attack which does not respond to usual treatment

44
Q

Occupational lung disease
-pathogenesis

A

pollutants interfere and paralyze cilia
Macrophages secrete lysozyme while trying to remove particles but excessive lysozyme damages alveolar walls create a fibrous tissue

45
Q

What four things cause acute asthma exacerbations?

A

cold air, allergens (IgE), irritants (smoke/pollen), medications (nsaids)

46
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-treatment

A

prevent exposure and oral corticosteroids

47
Q

Which type of COPD has a barrel chest as a sign?

A

emphysema

48
Q

Fibrotic Interstitial lung disease description

A

180+ disease entities charecterized by acute/subacute/chronic infiltration of alveolar walls caused by cells, fluid, and connective tissue. Can lead to fibrosis.

49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

A

Breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response.Bronchi become enlarged and thus less able to clear secretions. Secretions increase the amount of bacteria in the lungs, resulting in airway blockage and further breakdown of the airways. Many infections.

50
Q

Which COPD disease has hyper resonance upon percussion?

A

emphysema

51
Q

What is heard when listening to the chest of a patient with bronchitis?

A

wheezes, crackles, and rhonchi

52
Q

Occupational lung disease
-clinical manifestations

A

no signs and symptoms in the early stage for 10-20 years
progressive productive cough
SOB w/ exercise
late features are cor pulmonale, chronic hypoxemia, respiratory failure

53
Q

What are obstructive disorders characterized by?

A

reduction in airflow, problem with exhalation, are will remain in lung after exhalation

54
Q

anaerobic bacteria pneumonia

A

presents as a lung abscess and is usually caused by aspiration of normal oral bacteria

55
Q

Types of pneumoconiosis (inhalation of inorganic dust particles)

A

Anthracosis (coal miner’s lung), silicosis, and asbestosis

56
Q

Diffuse interstitial lung disease
-treatment

A

Smoking cessation, avoid environmental cause, anti-inflammatories, immunosuppresant agents, oxygen, lung transplant.

57
Q

What are the chest xray findings for emphysema?

A

narrowed mediastinum, normal or small vertical heart, hyperinflation, low/flat diaphragm, presence of blebs or bullae

58
Q

catamenial pneumothorax causes

A

Associated with menstruation and endometriosis
right hemothorax

59
Q

pathogenesis of pneumothorax

A

results from build up of air under pressure in pleural space

60
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

More common in females
weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially with exercise
abnormality at neuromuscular junction

61
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

wide spread inflammation of the bronchioles. Found commonly in RSV

62
Q

What are the three types of COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema

63
Q

Which spirometry results indicate an obstructive disorder?

A

Decreased vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Increased residual volume, functional residual volume, and total lung capacity

64
Q

What is the treatment for bronchiolitis?

A

Humidified O2 and bronchodilators

65
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-etiology

A

known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis
restrictive and occupational disease
predominant in nonsmokers (80%-95%)

66
Q

TB diagnosis

A

sputum culture (definitive)
chest x ray (nodules with infiltrates in apex and posterior segments)
DNA/RNA tests
PFTs

67
Q

What are two signs of status asthmaticus?

A

silent chest and acidosis

68
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of chronic obstructive bronchitis?

A

excess body fluids, chronic cough, shortness of breath on exertion, increased spetum, and cyanosis in the late stage.

69
Q

What is heard when listening to the chest of a patient with emphysema?

A

decreased breath sounds, decreased heart sounds, and prolonged expiration

70
Q

Which COPD disease is a blue bloater?

A

Chronic obstructive brochitis

71
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

rapidly progressive cellulitis of the epiglottis

72
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?

A

productive foul-smelling tri-layer sputum, digital clubbing, fever, and night sweats

73
Q

what is the pathological manifestation of TB?

A

ghon complex which is a necrotic nodule that becomes fibrous and calcified

74
Q

clinical manifestations of pneumonia
-general
*viral
+chlamydia

A

crackles/rales and bronchial breath sounds
chills
fever
cough and purulent sputum, except viral
*fever, dry cough, hoarseness, coryza, wheezing/crackles
+ cough, tachypnea, crackles, wheezing, no fever

75
Q

Primary pneumothorax causes

A

spontaneous in thin men 20-40
cigarette smoking increases risk
rupture of small sub-pleural blebs in apices

76
Q

Pulmonary function test results for diffuse interstitial lung disease

A

Decreased VC, TLC, and diffusing capacity

77
Q

pathogenesis of pneumonia

A

Pulmonary inflammation is causes by microbes. Alveolar septa are invaded by inflammatory cells, and alveoli fill with exudative fluid, except in viral pneumonia.

78
Q

Treatment of croup in the hospital and out

A

In: O2, nebulizer epi and intubation
Out: mist, oral hydration,and rest

79
Q

What is croup and who does it affect?

A

Acute viral inflammation of the larynx. Affects kids 6 m/o to 3 y/o.

80
Q

What body build type is associated with bronchitis?

A

stocky/overweight

81
Q

Legionnaires disease
-etiology
-signs and symptoms
-treatment

A

-spread by A/C units and hot tubs
-fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, liver and kidney failure, and pulmonary infiltrates
-macrolide abx

82
Q

What disease often coincides with bronchiolitis?

A

otis media

83
Q

Pathogenesis of croup

A

Inflammation of entire airway an edema in the subglottic region

84
Q

In which COPD disease is central cyanosis present?

A

late stage of bronchitis

85
Q

Diagnosis of pneumothorax

A

ABG for decreased PaO2
EKG
Chest x ray

86
Q

What are restrictive disorders characterized by?

A

reduction in lung volume, problem with inhalation, air will not enter lung after inhalation

87
Q

clinical manifestations of pneumothorax

A

sudden chest pain on the affected side
lack of breath sounds
hyper resonance
SOB
tachycardia
hypotension
tracheal shift
subcutaneous emphysema

88
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III Pneumonitis
-diagnosis
-lab values

A

history, antibodies, scratch testing, PFT, chest xray
labs: increased WBC, decreased PaO2, increased sedimentation rate, increase C-reactive protein

89
Q

Secondary pneumothorax causes

A

result of complications from preexisting pulmonary disease
ruptured cyst or bleb

90
Q

Which COPD disease presents with pursed-lip breathing?

A

emphysema

91
Q

What is the result of mediastinum shift due to collapsed lung

A

decreased venous return and cardiac output

92
Q

Physiology of the immediate stage of asthma

A

release of histamine, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial edema

93
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of emphysema?

A

use of accessory muscles to breath, pursed lip breathing, minimal or absent cough, tripoding, barrel chest, digital clubbing, and shortness of breath on exertion.

94
Q

Occupational lung disease
-diagnosis

A

chest xray, PFT, ABG

95
Q

miliary tuberculosis

A

TB bacteria spread throughout body through the blood.

96
Q

Clinical manifestations of croup

A

barking cough with stridor

97
Q

Diffuse interstitial lung disease
-pathogenesis

A

Pathogenesis: injury of alveolar epithelial or capillary endothelial cells leads to abnormal healing which tissue around the alveoli becomes scarred and thickened. Leads to large air filled sacs (cysts) and dilated bronchioles which creates a honey comb pattern in xrays. Inflammation, fibrosis, and destruction.

Patho/Pharm (11 decks)

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