Patho Final

Question 1

this is the most helpful lab value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function

Answer 1

serum creatinine

Question 2

this may result from a complete obstruction of the ureter

Answer 2

hydronephrosis→ obstruct and cause backwards reaction

Question 3

this is the most common cause of intrarenal kidney injury

Answer 3

iv contrast dye (nephrotoxins) (or ibuprofen)

Question 4

this finding is significant for glomerulonephritis

Answer 4

proteinuria

Question 5

the primary etiology of acute glomerulonephritis is related to

Answer 5

acute bacterial infection with autoimmune response (proteinuria)

Question 6

volume resuscitation may be indicated for this type of kidney injury

Answer 6

pre-renal failure

Question 7

a decrease capability for metabolic acid excretion will result in this acid-base imbalance

Answer 7

metabolic acidosis

Question 8

this is the most likely cause of anemia in a patient with ESRD

Answer 8

inability to produce erythropoietin

Question 9

this classification of diuretic can cause hyperkalemia

Answer 9

aldosterone blocking pot sparing diuretics

Question 10

reabsorption of up to ⅔ water & electrolytes is the function of this part of the nephron

Answer 10

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

this is a result of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

hypoalbuminemia→ due to associated liver response & the loss of protein in the urine, hypoalbuminemia becomes a big problem resulting in loss of fluid in the vascular space

Question 12

increase pressure in bowman’s capsule would result in this effect on GFR

Answer 12

decrease in GFR

Question 13

this is a high risk group for UTI

Answer 13

women

Question 14

renin is released from this structure

Answer 14

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 15

this is normal finding on a urinalysis

Answer 15

yellow, clear, no blood, (look up)

Question 16

the “L” in “rifle” stands for this (look up what rifle means)

Answer 16

loss greater than 4 weeks

Question 17

this hormone functions to increase water absorption

Answer 17

ADH (aldosterone does sodium)

Question 18

this symptom is commonly seen in what renal obstructive problem (blood in the urine)

Answer 18

kidney stones

Question 19

this is the amount of nephron loss that is distinctive for diagnosis of ESRD

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

a decrease in GFR with an increased retention of waste products will result in this

Answer 20

uremia

Question 21

management of chronic renal disease may include

Answer 21

nutrition needs: increased calories, calcium, & vitamin supplents

Question 22

this dialysis may be used at home

Answer 22

CAPD

Question 23

the term for minimal or no urine output

Answer 23

anuria

Question 24

by excreting excess Hydrogen ions, the kidneys are able to do this function

Answer 24

maintain acid-base balance

Question 25

nephrolithiasis begins as a result of this

Answer 25

supersaturation of urine

Question 26

The primary goals for treatment for peptic ulcer disease is aimed at

Answer 26

decreasing gastric acidity and healing the mucosa

Question 27

polyps

Answer 27

major risk factor for colon cancer

Question 28

this drug is commonly asco with acute hepatic disease

Answer 28

tylenol (annadote know)

Question 29

what is the most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction

Answer 29

adhesions (abdominal surgery)

Question 30

this disease is the end stage of many different hepatic injuries

Answer 30

cirrhosis

Question 31

this is an opportunistic infection frequently related to taking antibiotics

Answer 31

C diff

Question 32

the small intestine is responsible for these important functions

Answer 32

digestion and absorption of all nutrients

Question 33

pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to this

Answer 33

portal hypertension

Question 34

cholecystitis is most commonly a result of this medical problem

Answer 34

gall stones (cholelithiasis)

Question 35

this disease may be a result of chronic pancreatitis

Answer 35

diabetes II

Question 36

this is the most specific lab test for acute pancreatitis

Answer 36

lipase and amylase; lipase is more specific for pancreas function

Question 37

this is the condition that presents with vomiting bright red blood

Answer 37

esophageal varices

Question 38

strong correlation with this and pancreatitis

Answer 38

alcohol

Question 39

one of the hormones of the duodenum

Answer 39

secretin→ goes to pancreas to signal

Question 40

paralytic ileus often occurs after this

Answer 40

surgery

Question 41

common manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease would include

Answer 41

heartburn, dysphagia, chronic cough (above diaphragm)

Question 42

this is when a section of the mucosa and the bowel wall herniates

Answer 42

diverticulosis (diverticulitis is the disease know the difference)

Question 43

this disease process is clinically manifested as a dysfunction of motility of the intestinal trac

Answer 43

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) (gas, diarrhea, constipation)

Question 44

NPO status and continuous gastric suctioning is the treatment for this disorder

Answer 44

Acute pancreatitis

Question 45

this lab test is most specific for liver function

Answer 45

alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, Bilirubin

Question 46

pancreatic secretions have a high level of this electrolyte

Answer 46

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 47

hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Answer 47

high levels of ammonia

Question 48

this skin color is common manifestation of liver disease

Answer 48

yellow (jaundice)

Question 49

helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of which disease

Answer 49

gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

Question 50

this type of hepatitis has an effective vaccine

Answer 50

hepatitis B