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NEET PG > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type 2 Pneumocytes

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2
Q

Lining of Respiratory Epithelium?

A

Pseudo stratified CILIATED COLUMNAR

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3
Q

Irreversible enlargement of acini of lungs with wall destruction occurs in?

A

Emphysema

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4
Q

Which type of Emphysema is associated with smoking?

A

CENTRILOBULAR/ CENTRIACINAR emphysema (also most common)

(Affects upper lobes of lungs and
Respiratory bronchioles are affected)

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5
Q

Which type of emphysema occurs due to alpha-1-antrypsin deficiency?

A

PANACINAR emphysema
(Involves whole acini and
Affects lower lobes)

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6
Q

Which emphysema is associated with spontaneous penumothorax?

A

PARASEPTAL/DISTAL Emphysema

(Affects distal acini= Alveolar ducts and sacs)

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7
Q

REID Index is increased in which disease?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

( Because of mucous glands hypertrophy)

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8
Q

What is the normal REID index?

A

0.4

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9
Q

Hyper responsiveness of airways, reversible bronchoconstriction is seen in?

A

Bronchial Asthma

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10
Q

Bronchial Asthma is which type of Hypersensitivity Reaction?

A

Type 1

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11
Q

Gene associated with Bronchial Asthma is present on which chromosome?

A

Chromosome 5

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12
Q

Charcot Leyden Crystals in Sputum Microscopy are seen in?

A

Bronchial Asthma

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13
Q

Abnormal permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles occurs in?

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

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14
Q

Triad of Situs Inversus (organs reversed), Sinusitis, and Bronchiectasis occurs in which Syndrome?

A

KARTAGENER Syndrome

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15
Q

Where is the defect in KARTAGENER Syndrome?

A

Dynein arm of cilia

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16
Q

Bronchiectasis usually affects which part of lungs?

A

Lower Lobes (B/L)

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17
Q

Gene for Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is present on which chromosome?

A

Chromosome no. 14

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18
Q

Most common organism for acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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19
Q

Markers for Myeloblast

A

CD-13, 33, 117, MPO

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20
Q

Stain used for Lymphoblast?

A

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

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21
Q

Stain used for Myeloblast?

A

MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

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22
Q

Carcinoid Tumour is which type of tumour?

A

Neuroendocrine tumour

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23
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma is what type of tumour?

A

Epithelial tumour of stomach

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24
Q

GIST (gastro intestinal stromal tumour) is what type of tumour?

A

Mesenchymal tumour

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25
Q

Which chromosome is involved in Myotonic dystrophy?

A

Chromosome 19

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26
Q

Cowden syndrome is associated with mutation in?

A

PTEN

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27
Q

Most common cause of agranulocytosis?

A

Drug toxicity

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28
Q

Stellate granuloma is seen in which disease?

A

Cat-scratch disease

(Caused by Bartonella henselae)

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29
Q

Most consistent and persistent feature of bladder cancer is?

A

Painless hematuria

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30
Q

Punched out ulcers in Esophagus are caused by?

A

HSV(Herpes Simplex Virus)

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31
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin is major inhibitior of enzyme

A

Elastase

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32
Q

IL-1 is activated by which caspase?

A

Caspase 1

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33
Q

What is the most common cancer in children?

A

ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)

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34
Q

Which type of ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) is most common?

A

Pre B cell- ALL

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35
Q

Which type of ALL has mediastinal involvement?

A

T- type of ALL

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36
Q

In B- type of ALL there is loss of function mutation of which gene?

A

PAX-5

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37
Q

In T- type ALL there is GAIN of function mutation of which gene?

A

NOTCH-1 gene

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38
Q

Hand mirror cells are seen in which cancer?

A

ALL

Lymphoblasts look like hand mirrors

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39
Q

Both Pre B and Pre T lymphoblasts are positive for which marker?

A

TdT marker

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40
Q

L-Asparaginase drug is used for treatment of?

A

ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)

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41
Q

What is the most common genetic abnormality in ALL?

A

HYPERDIPLOIDY

(More than 50 chromosomes are present)
Good 👍 prognostic factor

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42
Q

Translocation seen in ALL?

A

t(12:21)

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43
Q

Stain used for Lymphoblasts?

A

PAS (Periodic Acid Shiff) DOT positivity

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44
Q

Stain used for Myeloblasts?

A

MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

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45
Q

Which translocation is associated with AML-M2 type?

A

t(8:21)
RUNX1 : RUNXT1

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46
Q

Which AML type is associated with Chloroma?

A

AML-M2 type

(AML with maturation)

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47
Q

What is the most common site of Chloroma?

A

Orbit of eye

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48
Q

What is the name of monocyte cells seen in Chloroma?

A

Arbiskov cells

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49
Q

Which translocation is seen in AML-M3?

A

t(15:17)

PML- RARA fusion protein

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50
Q

Maximum Auer Rods and Faggot cells are seen in which type of AML?

A

AML-M3

(Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia)

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51
Q

Which type of AML is associated with DIC?

A

AML- M3 type

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52
Q

What is the morphological hallmark of Myeloblasts?

A

AUER Rods

53
Q

Treatment of AML-M3?

A

ATRA (All Trans Retinoic Acid) and
Arsenic Trioxide

54
Q

Type of AML associated with Gum bleeding and hyperplasia?

A

AML- M4 and M5

55
Q

In AML M-4 there is inversion of which chromosome?

A

Chromosome 16

56
Q

Type of AML which shows diffuse positivity with PAS?

A

AML-M6

(Acute Erythroid Leukaemia)

57
Q

Type of AML associated with Down’s Syndrome?

A

AML-7

58
Q

Which stains are positive for Myeloblasts?

A

MPO
NSE and
SBB (Sudan Black B)

59
Q

Markers for Myeloblasts?

A

CD-13, 33, 117, MPO

60
Q

IOC for AML-M3?

A

FISH Analysis
(To know translocations)

61
Q

Most common type of AML?

A

AML- M2

62
Q

What are AUER rods in myeloblasts made up of?

A

Lysosomes

63
Q

In which type of AML is leukemia cutis seen?

A

AML- M5

64
Q

Mutation in CML?

A

t(9:22)
ABL: BCR gene fusion

Causes TYROSINE KINASE activation

65
Q

Drug used in CML treatment

A

Imatinib Mesylate

(Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)

66
Q

Appearance of Peripheral Smear in CML

A

College Girl/ Garden Party appearance

67
Q

Blast crises of CML occurs when Blast count exceeds

A

20%

68
Q

What is the normal NAP (Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase) score?

A

40-100

(Decreases in CML)

69
Q

IOC for CML?

A

Fish Analysis

(9:22 translocation)

70
Q

JAK 2 Mutation is seen in?

A

Polycythemia Vera

71
Q

Staghorn Megakaryocytes on Bone Marrow Biopsy are seen in

A

ET (Essential Thrombocytosis)

72
Q

Tear Drop Cells/Dacrocytes are seen in?

A

MYELOFIBROSIS

73
Q

Stain used in bone marrow biopsy for MYELOFIBROSIS?

A

RETICULIN stain

74
Q

Anomaly of Neutrophils in MDS is called?

A

Pseudo Pelger Huet Anomaly
(Bilobed Neutrophils)

75
Q

Most common cytogenetic anomaly associated with adult MDS?

A

del 5q

76
Q

Most common cytogenetic anomaly in Childhood MDS?

A

Monosomy 7

77
Q

BRAFV600E mutation occurs in?

A

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

78
Q

Biopsy of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis shows?

A

Coffee Bean Nuclei

79
Q

Electron microscopy of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis shows?

A

Tennis Racket appearance with Birbeck Granules

80
Q

Marker for Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?

A

CD1a, LANGERIN, S-100, CD-207

81
Q

What are the most common Lymph nodes involved in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Cervical L.N.

82
Q

Markers positive for R.S. cells in classical types of Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

CD-15 and
CD- 30 positive

83
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is associated with activation of which Growth Signalling Pathway?

A

NFKB Pathway

84
Q

Pain in nodes on Alcohol Ingestion is a symptom of?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

85
Q

Name a symptom of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

PAINLESS Lymphadenopathy

86
Q

Which cells are seen in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
What is their appearance?

A

Reid Sternberg Cells
(OWL’S Eye Appearance)

87
Q

Type of R.S. cells seen in Nodular Sclerosis H.L.?

A

Lacunar R.S. cells

88
Q

Mononuclear Variant of R.S. cells is seen in which type of H.L.?

A

Lymphocyte RICH H.L.

89
Q

Popcorn cells (L.H. variant of R.S. cells) is seen in?

A

NLPHL
(Nodular Lymphocyte PREDOMINANT H. L.)

It is non classical type.

90
Q

Which variant of R.S. cells is seen in LYMPHOCYTE depleted H.L?

A

Mummified/Reticular R.S. cells

91
Q

Most common type of H.L.?

A

NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.

92
Q

Type of H.L. with Mediastinal Involvement?

A

NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.

93
Q

Which type of CLASSICAL H.L. has best prognosis?

A

NODULAR SCLEROSIS H.L.

94
Q

Most common type of H.L. in India?

A

MIXED CELLULARITY H.L.

95
Q

Which H.L. is most commonly associated with EBV and HIV?

A

MIXED CELLULARITY H.L.

96
Q

Which H.L. has the WORST Prognosis?

A

LYMPHOCYTE depleted H.L.

97
Q

NLPHL (Nodular Lymphocyte PREDOMINANT H.L.) which is the non classical type is positive for which markers?

A

CD-20
CD-45 and
bcl- 6

98
Q

Which type of H.L. is never associated with EBV?

A

NLPHL
(Non classical type)

99
Q

NLPHL is negative for which markers?

A

CD-15 and CD-30

100
Q

Which H.L. has best prognosis OVERALL?

A

NLPHL

101
Q

Most important prognostic factor of H.L?

A

Staging

(Ann Arbor Staging)

102
Q

Proto-oncogene associated with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

REL proto-oncogene on
Chr 2p

103
Q

R.S. -like cells can also be seen in(other than H.L)?

A

Infectious Mononucelosis

104
Q

What is the most common type of leukemia in elderly?

A

CLL
(Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)

105
Q

Which cytogenetic anomaly is associated with CLL?

A

del 13q (good prognosis) - causes del of micro RNA
del 11q and 17p (bad prognosis)

106
Q

Which mutation is seen in CLL?

A

BTK gene mutation

(Bruton Tyrosine Kinase)

107
Q

Which syndrome occurs in CLL?

A

EVANS Syndrome

(CLL+ AIHA (Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia) + AT (Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia))

108
Q

What will you seen on DLC in CLL?

A

ABSOLUTE LYMPHOCYTOSIS
(>5,000 / mm3)

109
Q

Smudge cells/Basket cells/Parachute cells are seen in?

A

CLL

110
Q

Which appearance is seen in peripheral blood of CLL?

A

Convent Girl Appearance
(All lymphocytes are similar)

111
Q

Markers on Flow Cytometry for CLL?

A

CD-5 and CD-23 positive

  • c/a DUAL POSITIVITY
112
Q

Rai and Binet Scoring System is for?

A

CLL

113
Q

When CLL transforms into DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma) - name of syndrome?

A

RICHTER SYNDROME

114
Q

M/c type of INDOLENT (lazy, slow growing) NHL (Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma) in the world?

A

FOLLICULAR Lymphoma

115
Q

M/c type of NHL (Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)?

A

DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma)

116
Q

Translocation associated with FOLLICULAR Lymphoma?

A

t (14:18)

On 18 chromosome, there is bcl-2

117
Q

In FOLLICULAR Lymphoma there is increased expression of which gene?

A

bcl-2 gene (it is ANTI APOPTOTIC)

118
Q

Buttock cells are seen in which type of NHL?

A

FOLLICULAR Lymphoma

119
Q

Translocation which occurs in MANTLE CELL Lymphoma?

A

t(11:14)

On 11- CYCLIN D1

120
Q

In Mantle Cell Lymphoma, there is over expression of?

A

CYCLIN D1

121
Q

Type of NHL associated with LYMPHOMATOID POLYPOSIS?

A

MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA

122
Q

Markers for MANTLE CELL Lymphoma?

A

CD 5 +ve BUT CD 23 -ve

(In CLL BOTH are +ve)

Another marker- CYCLIN D1

123
Q

If CYCLIN D1 is -ve in MANTLE CELL Lymphoma, which marker is used?

A

SOX 11

(INICET Ques)

124
Q

Translocation associated with BURKITT’S Lymphoma?

A

t(8:14)

On chr 8 there is “c-myc” gene

125
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with increased expression of?

A

c- myc gene

(It is an oncogene)

126
Q

Type of Burkitt’s Lymphoma most commonly associated with EBV?

A

AFRICAN type - JAW/MANDIBLE is involved.

127
Q

Appearance of Burkitt’s Lymphoma on Lymph Node Biopsy?

A

STARRY SKY appearance

128
Q

Marker for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

bcl 6 +ve

NEET PG (2 decks)

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