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Pathology > Pathology exam 2 > Flashcards

Pathology exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non pathogenic fluid that is protein poor?

A

Transudates: ultrafiltrate of blood just water and electro lights

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2
Q

What results from disturbance of hydrostatic/osmotic pressure changes of blood?

A

Pathogenses of edema
Starlings hypothesis: direction and rate of movement of fluids between blood and tissue spaces influenced by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

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3
Q

What could alter starlings forces

A

Increase in hydrostatic pressure of venues and capillary beds
Increase in vascular permeability
Decrease in osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What is associated with active hyperaemia?

A

Increased arterial blood flow
Local redness
Increased warmth

Hyperaemia due to increased arterial flow and impaired venous drainage

Exercise, blushing, temperature regulation, acute inflammation

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5
Q

Heart failure cells are?

A 
Hemosiderin containing alveolar macrophages
Passive hyperaemia (congestion)
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6
Q

What is another term for a bruise?

A

Ecchymosis

Largest form of haemorrhaging that can change colour as blood pigments degrade

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7
Q

What is bleeding into cavities called?

A

Hemoperitoneum, hemothorase, hemopericardium

Causes include trauma, erosive infections, tumours, infants, aneurisms and coagulation insufficiency

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8
Q

What is bleeding into the joint space called?

A

Hemarthrosis

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9
Q

What is a common cause for vascular obstruction

A

Thrombi and emboli

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10
Q

What is arterial thrombosis commonly caused by

A

Caused by atherosclerosis

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11
Q

What is the common cause of pulmonary emboli?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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12
Q

What is part of the virchous triad?

A

Endothelial injury/ dysfunction
Alterations in blood flow
Hypercoagulation

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13
Q

What characteristizes antemortem arterial (white) thrombi?

A

Lines of Shan

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14
Q

What does propagation mean?

A

Thrombi enlarge and elongate usually in direction of blood flow

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15
Q

Common complications of circulating disease in hospital patients?

A

Pulmonary emboli
Blockage of bifurcation at pulmonary trunk
Commonly caused by DVT

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16
Q

What emboli is common in divers?

A

Gas: rapid decompression of nitrogen gas bubbles form in th e blood giving rise to pulmonary obstruction and tissue

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17
Q

Excessive blood loss is a characteristic of what shock?

A

Hypovoemic shock: specifically hemorrhage

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18
Q

What does anaphylactic shock respond to?

A

Histamine

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19
Q

Which of the following kinds of shock has the poorest prognosis?

A

Cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock is the most fatal

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20
Q

What are some common benign Tumours

A

Adenoma, papilloma, epithelioma, fibromyalgia, lipoma, chondroma, angioma

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21
Q

What is precancerous?

A

Dysphasia

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22
Q

What is the most common cancer encountered

A

Carcinoma

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23
Q

What cancer is most common in children

A

Sarcoma: malignant tumours of mesenchymal tissues favours invasion and metastasis hemmorage and necrosis

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24
Q

Most common tumor in bone marrow

A

Multiple melanoma: malignant tumour of plasma calls (first in bone marrow) can see round spots on bone in X-ray

25
Q

A tumour that does not metastasize well and is generally well differentiated is known as what?

A

Benign tumour

26
Q

What tumours are poorly differentiated?

A

Malignant tumours

27
Q

Pleomorphism, enlarged nuclei, atypical chromosomes and increased nucleoli cell size and number are characteristics of?

A

Malignant tumour cells

28
Q

Increased capacity for anaerobic glycolysis is common but not unique for?

A

Tumour cells

29
Q

What is the most resistant to invasion by tumours

A

Cartilage

30
Q

Where do carcinomas usually spread to?

A

Lymphatic should

Hematogenous dissemination also common

31
Q

Where does the portal system/GI/Pancreatic metastasis commonly spread to?

A

The liver

32
Q

What are two organs that are uncommon for metastasis

A

Spleen and striated skeletal muscle

33
Q

What is the most common type of ossues metastasis

A

Osteolytic metastasis

34
Q

Where does breast and prostate cancer commonly spread to

A

Osteolytic metastasis (radiolucent bone defects)

35
Q

What type of cancers cause pain symptoms?

A

Osei’s metastasis
Osteoid osteoma
Gloms body tumors

36
Q

T/F incidence of cancer decreases with age.

A

False incidence of cancer increases with age

37
Q

Which cancer has the highest incidence rate in males

A

Prostate cancer

38
Q

What cancer has the highest incidence rate in women

A

Breast cancer

39
Q

What percentage of cancer is due to environmental factors?

A

80-90%

40
Q

Overall mortality is higher in which gender in regards to cancer

A

Males

41
Q

What is derived from aspergillosis flavours

A

Aflaction chemical carcinogens

Risks are greatest with concurrent exposure to Hep B
Potent hepatocarcinogen found in humid conditions which favor mould

42
Q

What virus can lead to development of cervical cancer

A

HPV

43
Q

What are the values of broader classification?

A

Grade 1 : <24%
Grade 2 :25-49
Grade 3: 50-74%
Grade 4: 75% +

44
Q

What is a benign tumor of fibrous CT and is it common or not common?

A

Fibroma

45
Q

What is most commonly associated with athletic injury?

A

Myositis ossificans

Metaplastic bone arises in musculature and subQ tissue

46
Q

What is the most common primary tumour of the heart?

A

Myxoma (fibromyxoma)

47
Q

What is the most common soft tissue sarcoma diagnosed in children and adolescents?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

48
Q

Common benign tumour of smooth muscle in uterus, GI tract, ovaries, and prostate, or even bladder

A

Lieomyoma

49
Q

What causes fibroids in the uterus

A

Lieomyoma

50
Q

What is a small and often very painful benign tumour with uncertain origin?

A

Osteoid osteoma

51
Q

What is the Most common benign tumour of bone?

A

Osteochondroma (metaphysis of long bone)

52
Q

What is disease of multiple endochondroma?

A

Olliers disease

53
Q

What cancer is associated with lyric lesions resembling soap bubbles

A

Giant cell tumour

54
Q

What are the most common in long bones that resemble infection

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

55
Q

What cancer affects the nerve sheath?

A

Neurofibroma

56
Q

What is the most common type of multiple neurofibromatosis?

A

Type 1

Recklinghausens disease

57
Q

What is the most common primary tumour with tumours of nerve tissue CNS?

A

Derivatives of glial elements

58
Q

What is associated with the following characteristics: benign, painful at night, affects adolescents, contains central indies, relieved by aspirin, and NSAIDS?

A

Osteoid osteoma

Pathology (2 decks)

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