Pathology/Syndromes

Question 1

Placenta previa?

Answer 1

• fetus attaches in inferior pt. of uterus covering internal os
• bleeding as uterus dilates during pregnancy

Question 2

Placenta accreta?

Answer 2

-placenta attaches deep in uterus and invades myometrium

Question 3

Placenta increta?

Answer 3

-placenta invades entire thickness of myometrium

Question 4

Placenta percreta?

Answer 4

-placenta penetrates entire thickness of myometrium and into serosa of uterus –> possible attachment to bladder or rectum

Question 5

Placenta abruptio?

Answer 5

• prematurely detaches from uterus

- associated with maternal hypertension

Question 6

Preeclampsia?

Answer 6

• sudden development of maternal hypertension (>160/110) and proteinuria after week 20
• can progress to eclampsia (+seizures)

Question 7

What can happen if the urachus fails to close?

Answer 7

• patent urachus: urine leaks from umbilicus
• vesicourachal diverticulum: bladder protrudes from umbilicus
• umbilical polyp: cystic space around umbilicus prone to infection
• bladder diverticulum
• urachal cyst: usually asymptomatic

Question 8

What can happen if the vitelline duct fails to close?

Answer 8

• vitelline fistula - meconium discharge from umbilicus
• Meckel’s diverticulum: failure of lumen to close on side opening to ileum –> ectopic gastric mucosa–> melena, RUQ pain

Question 9

What leads to a persistent truncus arteriosus?

Answer 9

• partial development of AP septum

- oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix –> cyanosis

Question 10

What is transposition of great vessels?

Answer 10

• ridges don’t spiral –> two separate circulatory pathways
• aorta from right ventricle, pulmonary trunk from left ventricle
• blood never oxygenated unless there’s a shunt (VSD, patent foramen oval, PDA)

Question 11

Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 11

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
VEntricular septal defect
cyanosis severity depends on degree of pulmonary stenosis

Question 12

Common ventricle?

Answer 12

muscular and membranous interventricular septum do not form

Question 13

Membranous septal defect

Answer 13

failure of membranous interventricular septum to form well

-left to right shunt –> pulm. HTN –> pulm. resistance > systemic –> reversal of shunt –> Eisenmenger complex

Question 14

Patent foramen ovale?

Answer 14

due to excessive resorption of septum primum, secumdum, or both