Pediatric Diseases

Question 0

which issue is do to an intrinsic cause

Answer 0

malformation= due to abnormal developmental process

Question 1

what is the #1 cause of neonatal mortality, and what is the #2 cause

Answer 1

1= congenital anomalies= structural defects which are present at birth

Question 2

What two things are due to extrinsic or outside causes?

Answer 2

1. disruptions= destruction of organ or body region

2. deformation= compression of the fetus

Question 3

What is associated with compression of the fetus and what is its MOA

Answer 3

Potters syndrome

oligo-hydramnios= too little amniotic fluid–> compression of the fetus

Question 4

What is the major cause of death in babies due to fetal compression cause my oligo-hydramnios?

Answer 4

pulmonary hypoplasia= incomplete development of the lungs

lungs mature in womb when they can practice rbeathing in amniotic fluid
no fluid= reduced lung development

Question 5

Potters syndrome is also referred to as a sequence why?

Answer 5

a sequence= multiple congenital abnormalities

Question 6

how is agenesis different from atresia

Answer 6

a-genesis= absent organ
a-tresia= absent opening (or failure to completely develop)

Question 7

when is it all or nothing

Answer 7

1st 2 weeks of embryonic development–> teratogen then will kill embryo

Question 8

how is prematurity defined?

Answer 8

birth weight< 2500 g

<37 weeks from LMP

Question 9

You most often times see premature babies if the following factors are present:

Answer 9

1. premature rupture of membrane (PROM)
2. intra-uterine infection
3. structural abnormality of:
   uterus
   cervix
   placenta
4. multiple gestations= twins, triplets

Question 10

babies considered small for gestation age are at risk for

Answer 10

1. cerebral dysfunction
2. learning disabilities

BRAIN LAST TO DEVELOP

Question 11

What 3 things restriction fetal growth

Answer 11

1. chromosomal disorders
2. congenital anomalies
3. congenital infections

Question 12

when will you see a symmetric distribution

Answer 12

growth retardation

Question 13

when will you see an asymmetric distribution of growth

Answer 13

growth retardation due to placental issue

brain and heart saved but at the organs expense

Question 14

what is the most common cause of respiratory distress in newborns?

Answer 14

Hyaline membrane disease

Question 15

what is the hallmark of hyaline membrane disease

Answer 15

immature lungs–> not enough Type 2 pneumocytes–> not enough surfactant

Question 16

when will you se babies with hyaline membrane disease (RDS)

Answer 16

1. if mom has DIABETES–> high insulin levels inhibit surfactant production
2. C section before labor has started
   corticosteroid–> stimulate surfactant production
3. multiple gestations= twins, triplets

Question 17

what can be done to reduce deaths due to hyaline membrane disease (RDS)

Answer 17

give exogenous surfactant

Question 18

what is a complication of hyaline membrane disease

Answer 18

long term ventilator use
-which can cause
1. retrolental fibroplasia= retinopathy of pre-maturity
retinal blood vessels not fully formed,
high O2, stops vessel growth (decrease VDGF)
when take off vent see increase VDGF, which
causes abnormal (leaky and fragile) blood
vessel growth
2. bronchopulmonary dys-plasia
if need at least 28 days of O2 therapy
get increase # alveolar–> hyperplasia
increased TNF and IL8

Question 19

which babies are most at risk for necrotizing entero-colitis

Answer 19

premie/premature babies

Question 20

why are premies at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis?

Answer 20

premies dont produce Ig properly and if not breast feed they wont have Ig productions and their guts are more permeable

see distension of abdomen and gas within intestinal wall

Question 21

define SIDS

Answer 21

= sudden infant death syndrome

death during 1st year of life that remains unexplained after:

1. complete investigation
2. autopsy
3. complete clinical history

Question 22

what kind of babies are high risk for SIDS

Answer 22

1. babies from young moms
2. parents who are drug abusers
3. babies that have short intergestional period
4. babies with brain stem abnormalities
   defective arousal and cardio-resp control
5. premature or low birth weight babies–> these can be recognized
   BRAIN IS LAST THING TO DEVELOP
6. prone sleeping position
   need to sleep on back on hard environment

Question 23

what is the term for fetal accumulation of fluid

Answer 23

fetal hydrops

Question 24

name the 2 types of fetal hydrops

Answer 24

1. immune

2. non immune

Question 25

ex of immune fetal hydrops

Answer 25

1. incompatible Rh groups
2. mom is O and fetus is A or B

after 1st baby mom gets sensitized= IgG–> which can cross placenta and attack next child if Rh-

Question 26

How does Rhogam work

Answer 26

antibodies that coat the fetal antibodies in moms circulation
–> prevent sensitization= IgG–> no IgG–> cant cross
placenta