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ENT Board Study 2 > Pediatric Otolaryngology > Flashcards

Pediatric Otolaryngology Flashcards

1
Q

Nose/Nasopharynx pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Inflammatory: allergic rhinitis, rhinitis of infancy
Infectious: viral rhinitis, bacterial rhinitis (diptheria, pertussis, chlamydia, syphilis)
Idiopathic: adenoid hypertrophy
Trauma: septal deviation, septal hematoma, nasal bone fracture, nasoethmoid fracture, nasal foreign body
Autoimmune: Wegener granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoid, pemphigus
Neoplastic: nasopharyngeal teratoma, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma
Congenital: choanal atresia/stenosis, pyriform aperture stenosis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction/cyst, encephalocele, glioma, dermoid, cleft lip nasal deformity, Tornwaldt disease, immotile cilia syndrome/primary ciliary dyskinesia

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2
Q

Paranasal sinus pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Infectious: acute rhinosinusitis, recurrent acute rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, complicated rhinosinusitis
Idiopathic: antrochoanal polyps
Trauma: orbital floor fracture
Neoplastic: fibrous dysplasia
Congenital: cystic fibrosis/nasal polyposis

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3
Q

Oral cavity/oropharynx pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Trauma: penetrating trauma
Infectious: tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, tonsillar hypertrophy, retropharyngeal abscess, parapharyngeal abscess
Neoplastic: rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, epulis, epignathus
Congenital: ankyloglossia, cleft lip/palate, ranula, lingual thyroid, midline rhomboid glossitis, branchial cleft anomalies, glossoptosis (often syndromic), macroglossia

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4
Q

Larynx/subglottis pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Infectious: laryngotracheobronchitis/croup, epiglottitis, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis,
Idiopathic: vocal cord dysfunction, subglottic stenosis, paroxysmal vocal fold dysfunction
Iatrogenic: vocal cord dysfunction, subglottic stenosis, intubation injury
Neoplasm: subglottic hemangioma, granular cell tumor, neurofibroma, malignant laryngeal tumors
Congenital: laryngomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction, subglottic stenosis, laryngeal cleft, vallecular cyst

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5
Q

Tracheobronchial tree pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Infectious: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, tuberculosis
Trauma: foreign body aspiration
Congenital: tracheomalacia, tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheal stenosis

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6
Q

Esophagus pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Inflammatory: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dermatomyositis
Idiopathic: GERD
Traumatic: foreign body ingestion, caustic ingestion
Neoplastic: rare
Congenital: tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal stenosis, achalasia

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7
Q

Outer ear pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Traumatic: auricular hematoma
Congenital: preauricular pit, preauricular tag, microtia, aural atresia, prominent ear deformity

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8
Q

Middle ear pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Vascular: high jugular bulb, aberrant carotid artery
Infectious: acute otitis media
Traumatic: temporal bone fractures, impalement of middle ear
Neoplastic – benign: glomus tumors, histiocytosis, dermoid, adenomatous tumor
Neoplastic – malignant: rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, leukemia, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, endodermal sinus
Congenital: congenital cholesteatoma, congenital footplate fixation, juvenile otosclerosis

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9
Q

Inner ear pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Infectious: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, CMV, HSV, meningitis, mumps
Toxins: cisplatin, carboplatin, furosemide, aminoglycoside
Trauma: noise, temporal bone fracture
Congenital – autosomal recessive: connexin mutation GJB2, Usher syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, Refsum’s hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa
Congenital – autosomal dominant: branchio-oto-renal, Stickler, Waardenburg, neurofibromatosis, AD nonsyndromic
Congenital – X-linked recessive: Alport syndrome, DFN1
Congenital – mitochondrial

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10
Q

Head and neck pathology differential diagnoses (vitamin C)?

A

Vascular: hemangioma, vascular malformations,
Infectious: cervical lymphadenitis (cat scratch, atypical mycobacteria, Kawasaki disease)
Traumatic: congenital torticollis/fibromatosis colli, traumatic arteriovenous fistulas
Neoplastic: rhabdomyosarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, histiocytoses (eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Christian-Schuller disease, Letterer-Siwe disease)
Congenital: branchial cleft remnants, thyroglossal duct cyst, dermoid

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11
Q

Facial nerve palsy differential diagnosis (vitamin C)?

A

Infectious: otomastoiditis, herpes zoster oticus, Bell palsy
Idiopathic: temporal bone pathology
Traumatic: assisted forcep vaginal delivery, difficult labor/delivery
Congenital: congenital lower lip palsy, Mobius syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, myotonic dystrophy

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12
Q

Salivary gland disease differential diagnosis (vitamin C)?

A

Vascular: hemangioma
Infectious: lymphadenitis, recurrent parotitis of childhood
Autoimmune: sarcoidosis
Neoplastic: pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, rare high grade malignancies
Congenital: cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

Most common etiology of tonsillitis?

A

Viral

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14
Q

Most common bacterial pathogen of tonsillitis?

A

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

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15
Q

Possible complications of group A strep tonsillitis?

A

Rheumatic fever, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

Signs/symptoms of peritonsillar abscess?

A

Odynophagia, fever, unilateral palatal edema/fullness, asymmetric tonsils, deviation of uvula to contralateral side, trismus

17
Q

Signs/symptoms and associated symptoms of tonsillar hypertrophy?

A

Airway (usually manifesting as obstructed sleep) difficulties, feeding difficulties; associated: excessive daytime somnolence, short nap latency, enuresis, failure to thrive, behavioral disturbance, poor school performance

18
Q

Indications for tonsillectomy?

A

> 7/5/3 episodes tonsillitis per 1/2/3 years, persistent halitosis/chronic tonsillitis, recurrent PTA, acute PTA, asymmetric tonsils, tonsillar hypertrophy in immunocompromised children, OSA, malocclusion, impaired facial growth, chronic/recurrent tonsillitis due to strep carrier state

19
Q

Adenotonsillectomy complications?

A

Bleeding (0.1-3%), aspiration PNA, VPI, nasopharyngeal stenosis, torticollis, carotid artery injury, death, airway obstruction

20
Q

Retropharyngeal space occurs between which fascial planes?

A

AP: visceral/buccopharyngeal fascia, alar fascia (anterior to prevertebral fascia)
Lateral: carotid sheath
Craniocaudal: skull base, superior mediastinum

21
Q

Signs/symptoms retropharyngeal abscess?

A

High fever, progressive sialorrhea, torticollis, anorexia/dysphagia, airway obstruction, edema/mass posterior pharyngeal wall

22
Q

Diagnosis of retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Lateral neck film: prevertebral soft tissue thickening, possible air-fluid level
Neck CT w/ contrast: to differentiate cellulitis from abscess

23
Q

Treatment of retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Hydration
IV antibiotics
Surgical drainage

24
Q

Differences in patients with RP versus PP abscesses?

A

PP abscess patients usually older, worse trismus

25
Q

Signs/symptoms laryngeal pathology?

A 
Inspiratory (supraglottic) stridor
Biphasic (glottic) stridor
Dysphonia
Feeding difficulties/aspiration
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Use of accessory respiratory muscles
26
Q

Signs/symptoms subglottic pathology?

A

Biphasic stridor
Croupy cough
Feeding difficulties

27
Q

Most common cause of stridor in infants?

A

Laryngomalacia

28
Q

Clinical manifestations of laryngomalacia?

A

Inspiratory stridor within first 6 weeks of life
Variable stridor, usually resolves during crying
Severe: severe airway compromise, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive

29
Q

Natural history of laryngomalacia?

A

90% patients experience spontaneous resolution of symptoms by 12 months of age

ENT Board Study 2 (2 decks)

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