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Systems Pathology II Final COPY > Penis and STDs > Flashcards

Penis and STDs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of penis malformation?

A

Hypospadias (ventral surface/underside)

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2
Q

What is the term for an abnormal urethral orifice located on the dorsal surface of the penis?

A

Epispadias

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3
Q

Which is more common: epispadias or hypospadias?

A

Hypospadias

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4
Q

Abnormal malformation of the urethral orifice of the penis can lead to what chronic issue?

A

Constriction/obstruction due to UTIs

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5
Q

What is the most common congenital abnormality of the male genitalia?

A

Malformation of the urethral orifice

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6
Q

What is the treatment for a malformed penile urethral orifice?

A

Reconstruction skin graft (prepuce)

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7
Q

What is the clinical term for an inflamed glans penis?

A

Balanitis

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8
Q

What is the clinical term for the foreskin of the penis?

A

Prepuce

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9
Q

What is the clinical term for inflammation of the foreskin?

A

Balanoposthitis

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10
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to retract prepuce that leads to scarring

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11
Q

What is the term for the sluffed epithelial cells that can cause inflammation of the penis?

A

Smegma

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12
Q

Is phimosis most commonly congenital or acquired?

A

Acquired

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13
Q

What conditions put an individual at risk for phimosis or paraphimosis?

A

1 poor hygiene

2 uncircumcised

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14
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the coronal sulcus

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15
Q

What is the most common type of penile neoplasm?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas (95%)

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16
Q

What are the risks for penile squamous cell carcinomas?

A 
1 over 40 years
2 uncircumcised
3 poor hygiene
4 HPV 16/18
5 AIDS or smoking
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17
Q

What is another name for penile squamous cell carcinoma in situ?

A

Bowen disease

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18
Q

Which type of penile SCC presents as a solitary lesion on the shaft?

A

SCC in situ

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19
Q

How does invasive penile SCC present differently from SCC in situ?

A

Gray, crusted and raised lesion on either the glans or prepuce with irregular borders and possible ulceration

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20
Q

What would be the most likely mechanism of metastasis of a penile SCC?

A

Lymphatics

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21
Q

What is the treatment for penile SCC?

A

Partial or total penectomy

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22
Q

What is the most common type of scrotal neoplasm?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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23
Q

What is the term for an increase of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum?

A

Hydrocele

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement?

A

Hydrocele

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25
Q

How is a hydrocele of the scrotum diagnosed?

A

Transluminescence

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26
Q

What makes up a hematocele of the scrotum?

A

Blood

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27
Q

What makes up a chylocele of the scrotum?

A

Lymph

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28
Q

What would be the condition resulting in a chylocele of the scrotum?

A

Filariasis (aka elephantiasis)

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29
Q

What pathogen is responsible for lympathic filariasis aka elephantiasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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30
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis transmitted?

A

Flies, mosquitos, arthropods

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31
Q

What is another name for sexually transmitted diseases?

A

Venereal diseases

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32
Q

What are the two most common venereal diseases in the U.S.?

A

1 genital herpes

2 HPV

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33
Q

What pathogen is responsible for syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidium

34
Q

What race is more at risk of syphilis?

A

African Americans (30X)

35
Q

A chancre is a clinical feature of which STD?

A

Syphilis

36
Q

What are the most common locations of a chancre from syphilis?

A

Penis, vagina, cervix

37
Q

Palmar rash, lymphadenopathy, and condyloma latum are seen in which stage of syphilis?

A

Secondary

38
Q

What clinical signs are seen in the tertiary stage of syphilis?

A

Neurosyphilis, aortitis, gummas

39
Q

What is the major issue with congenital syphilis?

A

40% result in late abortion or stillbirth

40
Q

During what stage of syphilis does the painless chancre occur?

A

Primary

41
Q

Where can we see gummas from syphilis on the body?

A

Bone, skin, airways

42
Q

How is congenital syphilis prevented?

A

Mandatory screening

43
Q

What are some of the effects on the fetus from congenital syphilis resulting in stillbirth?

A

Dysplastic bony changes, hepatomegaly, pancreatic fibrosis, pneumonitis, endarteritis

44
Q

What body systems are affected by infantile syphilis?

A

Cutaneous, visceral, skeletal

45
Q

What body systems/areas are affected by congenital tardive (late, usually after 2 years of age) syphilis?

A

Facial, dental, skeletal/periosteal

46
Q

What is the classic periosteal sign seen with congenital syphilis?

A

“Saber shin” due to periostitis

47
Q

What unique deformity of the face is common to congenital syphilis?

A

Saddle nose deformity

48
Q

What unique teeth deformations are associated with congenital syphilis?

A

Hutchinson’s teeth (spaced and notched) and/or mulberry molars

49
Q

What is the second most common reportable STD?

A

Gonorrhea

50
Q

What pathogen is responsible for gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

51
Q

What is the classic sign of gonorrhea?

A

Purulent urethral discharge

52
Q

What long term issue in females can cause sterility from a gonorrheal infection?

A

Scarring of the fallopian tubes (from salpingitis)

53
Q

Which genders presents with more obvious signs and symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Males

54
Q

What gender is more likely to have a disseminated gonorrheal infection?

A

Females (3% of cases are disseminated)

55
Q

Disseminated gonorrheal infections can lead to what conditions?

A

Tenosynovitis, arthritis, hemorrhagic skin lesions (rarely: endocarditis and meningitis)

56
Q

How is sterility caused by gonorrheal infections in males?

A

Orchitis

57
Q

What transcervical infection can be passed on to an infant that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Neonatal conjunctivitis

58
Q

What is a unique feature seen under microscopy of the urethral discharge of a gonorrhea infection?

A

Intracellular diplococci

59
Q

What is another term for neonatal conjunctivitis?

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

60
Q

What is the issue with ophthalmia neonatorum?

A

Risk for blindness

61
Q

What type of pathogen is responsible for trichomoniasis?

A

Flagellated protozoan

62
Q

What is unique about the symptoms seen with trichomoniasis compared to other STDs?

A

Females are more likely to be asymptomatic (vaginitis)

63
Q

Describe the discharge associated with trichomoniasis.

A

Yellow/green, purulent, malodorous

64
Q

What pathogen is responsible for chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

65
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S. and is reportable?

A

Chlamydia

66
Q

Reactive arthritis (+HLA-B27) is associated with which STD and results in an inability to urinate?

A

Chlamydia

67
Q

What pathogen is responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes)

68
Q

What issue result from lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Fibrosis and lymphatic obstruction

69
Q

On what continents is lymphogranuloma venereum most commonly found?

A

Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean

70
Q

What pathogen is responsible for a chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

71
Q

Which STD is associated with a painful ulceration? Painless?

A 
Painful = chancroid 
Painless = primary stage of syphilis (chancre) OR granuloma inguinale
72
Q

What population is associated with chancroids?

A

Prostitutes of Africa and southeastern Asia

73
Q

Which STD is largely associated with HIV transmission?

A

Chancroid

74
Q

What is another clinical term for granuloma inguinale?

A

Donovanosis

75
Q

What pathogen is responsible for granuloma inguinale?

A

Klebsiella granulomatis

76
Q

In what location is granuloma inguinale most commonly seen?

A

Tropics

77
Q

If left untreated, what issue can arise from granuloma inguinale?

A

Lymphatic fibrosis/obstruction

78
Q

What are the physical signs of granuloma inguinale?

A

Chronic inflammation and painless ulcerations

79
Q

What is the clinical term for the general warts that appear in excess from an HPV infection?

A

Condylomata acuminata

80
Q

Which strain of HPV is most commonly the cause of warts?

A

HPV-6 or HPV-11 (noncancerous)

81
Q

What is the most common location of HPV warts?

A

Cervix or penis

82
Q

How else can HPV infections be transmitted?

A

Transcervical or oropharyngeal transmission

Systems Pathology II Final COPY (9 decks)

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