People Flashcards
Sigmound Freud (Psychoanalysis)— Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression.
Psycho Sexual Stages
Oral- birth -1yrs-sets the trend for future relationships
Anal-1-3 yrs- sphincter control, erogenous zones,
parents either too or not punitive enough
Phallic-3-6yrs-interest in genitalia- Oedipus Complex- in
love with mom-fear of castration, Electra Complex-
penis
envy
Latency-6-12 yrs- sexual urges suppressed
Genital-12-adult- puberty- libido- psychic energy
behind sex
Eros- self preservation
Phanitos- death instincts
Maternal Stimulation-Harlow Study with monkeys
Anaclitic Depression (Spitz) infants separated from
mom’s for a period of time= a far away stare,
retarded physical and emo growth
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) ritualistic behavior for a
species, elicited by what is known as a sign
stimulus ie. infant sucks=pressed lips
John Bowlby w/Adler
Attachment
Bonding and attachment theory
Influenced by Lorenz (1935) study of Imprinting.
Birth order
First excels but not very social able conservative
Trouble with peers
IQ goes down with each child
M and M test Mother and infant
Erik Erikson-maturationist
Identity Crisis (Psycho-social)
Development Stages: genetically determined
environment provides external demands
Goal: Freedom of Choice
Epigenetic Principle:
develop according to the 8 predetermined stages
successful/unsuccessful polarity
EGO Identity: strive to become
Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 yr: if physical needs are met=trust
(Freud’s stage Oral Stage)
Autonomy vs Shame:1-3yr: learns to explore and
experiment: if not allowed, develop’s shame
(Freud’s Stage Anal Stage)
Initiative vs Guilt: 3-6yrs: if encouraged to explore=
initiative, if not=guilt (Freud’s Phallic Stage)
Industry vs Inferiority: 6-12 yrs: learns to get along with
other and solve problems, if not=confusion
(Freud’s Latency Stage)
Identity vs Role Confusion: 11-18: to find self, clarify life
goals, if not =role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation: 18-35: intimacy and love become
major issues, if not= alienation of feelings
Generativity vs Stagnation: 35-60 yrs: mid life crisis,
caring about others, if not=self centered
Integrity vs Despair: 60 plus: to complete would need
success of previous completed stages
Maher
Studied infant and mother
Stage 1: normal autism
Symbiosis: 2 months- feels a part of mother
Separation/individuation/differentiation process=
5 months - 3yrs (psychological birth)
Rapproachment= 1st 6 months= breeding ground for
later psychosis
Harry Stack Sullivan- Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry
Major figure in the dynamic culture of school of analysis
Interpersonal Theory
Good Me- follows parental sanctions
Bad Me- Parental punishment
Not Me- anxiety ridden or repressed
Protatoxic Thinking- not separate from the environment
Paratoxic /Serial Thinking- dog barks- rain begins
Sentaxic/Logic Thinking- remnats of proto and para that
get in the way of rational thought
Developmental Psych- psychic or mental changes-
lifespan- 1950s Nature vs Nurture- heredity or
environment?
Empirical Theories- believe changes can be measured
quantitatively
Organismic Viewpoint-
1) Behaviorist- empiricist
2) Maturationist- age related - organismic
3) Structionalist- interaction with environment-
organismic
Nativism= knowledge is innate
Heritability Estimate= genetic influences to which a
characteristic can be attributed (how much)
smile response= 6 wks
stranger danger= 7 mos
walk alone= 15 mos
Gender Identity= 3-4 yrs
Death seen as irreversible= 6-9 yrs
Lawerence Kolberg- Moral Development
used Piagets theory of moral development
Heterononimous/ Moral Realism-right because parents say so
Autonomous/ Moral Independence-intentions mean
more than danger
rules are made by people=morality is a decision
NOT a trait= change can be changed by people
Level One- preconventional= it has consequences
Stage One-Obedience +reward orientation=
(concrete)
Stage Two- Instrumental exchange (abstract)
Level Two-Conventional Morality= tries to meet the
standards of parents
Stage Three- Good boy, girl (concrete)
Stage Four- Law and Order/ social authority
Level Three-post conventional= self imposed- acts
on principals or viewpoint
Stage Five- social morality of contract
Stage Six- universal ethical principle of
conscience- concern of violating
conscience
Heinz Dilemna- woman in Europe with cancer and the
druggist charging too much
DIT=Defining Issues Test
Carol Gilligan-associate of Kolberg who thought he was
sexist
Jean Piaget w/ Binet on first Intelligence test
Structuralist= universal stages of psych development
each stage represents a qualitative definition in the way a person thinks and resolves conflict
Scheme- manner a person aquires knowledge
internalized/interiorized= physical to pysch schemes
Thinking develops-complimentary and simultaneously
Assimilation-learning from an exsisiting scheme
Accommodation-modify scheme into new info
Equilibrium- balance of ASS and ACC to new situation
4 orderly stages= genetic epistemology
Sensory Motor-reflexive behaviors- sucking, touching,
vision, grasping
Preoperational-2-7 yrs- lacks ability to see other’s
point of view (egocentrism)
Centralism-focus on key part and forget the rest
Symbolic schema/play- anything can be
anything
Nominal Realism- a name is seen as a
property
Concrete Operation- mentaly manipulate objects
…counting
Conservation of objects
Formal Operation- 12yrs and up- beginng of abstract,
hypothetical, deductive reasoning
50% of adults make it to this stages, some only
use in their own field of expertise
Albert Ellis - (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy)— People have a cultural/ biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Stoic philosopher, Epictetus “Men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them.”
Rational emotive behavior therapy is a direct and efficient problem-solving method
up to 1947- psychoanalysit
1955- REBT
Thinking challenged to more rational thought
Trained as an analyst and writer
Some of the literature by Ellis refers to E as “an effective new philosophy of life.” The theory, then, is that you create your own present emotional and behavioral difficulties. And talk about optimistic: Ellis believes that no matter how bad life seems, you always— that’s right, always— have the power to ameliorate intense feelings of despair, anxiety, and hostility.
Bibliotherapy-self help books
Musturbation occurs when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his or her thinking.
Some exams may refer to this as “absolutist thinking.”
Ellis, Glasser, and the behaviorists put little stock in the notion of transference.
The act of changing the client’s mode of thinking is sometimes called cognitive disputation. REBT therapists also use imaginal disputation (i.e., imagery to help with the process) and urge clients to behave in different patterns (i.e., behavioral disputation).
only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).
Experiential conjoint family therapy
Adler (Individual Psychology)—
Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
brief, psychoeducational approach
Fritz Perls (Gestalt)— People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole.” People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
psychiatrist and psychotherapist
Viktor Frankle- Frankl (Logotherapy)—
Existential view is that humans are good, rational,and retain freedom of choice.
existenialism
William Glasser- Glasser (Reality Therapy)—
Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others.
Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Eric Berne
“exteropsyche,”
close to Freuds superego
structural analysis
Second Order structural analysis
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ___gestalt_____ in the treatment process.
Three ego states: (P-A-C).
the Parent,
Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
values internalized by significant others in
childhood
the Adult,
the Child
B.F. Skinner (Behavior Modification)—
Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
The S-R model also has been called the “applied behavior analysis” or “radical behaviorism” by B. F. Skinner. Radical behaviorism makes the assumption that the environment maintains and supports behavior and that only overt behaviors are the subject of treatment. The treatment? You guessed it— Skinnerian operant conditioning, of course.
Eric Berne -(Transactional Analysis)—
Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
“exteropsyche,”
close to Freuds superego
structural analysis
Second Order structural analysis
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ___gestalt_____ in the treatment process.
Three ego states: (P-A-C).
the Parent,
Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
values internalized by significant others in
childhood
the Adult,
the Child
