Period 3 AP World History

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

Question 2

Empiricism Empiricist or Empirical

Answer 2

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, developed in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Question 3

John Locke

Answer 3

British Enlightenment philosopher who argued in his book, Two Treatises on Government, that men were born with natural rights and that it is government’s duty to protect those rights. He identified those rights as life, liberty, and protection of property. He believed that humans could change their government without violence. His ideas inspired the American, French, Latin American, and Haitian Revolutions and can be seen in the Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Question 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 4

French Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas about political liberty and social order influenced 18h and 19th century revolutions. He believed that citizens enter into a “Social Contract” with their government and rely on their government to protect their natural rights. If a government fails to protect its citizens’ rights, the citizens have the right to rebel - using violence if necessary.

Question 5

Social Contract

Answer 5

This idea was promoted by Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau. Both believed that a contract existed between the government and the governed. Each has rights and responsibilities to the other. According to Rousseau and Locke, people create governments which are subject to the consent of the governed. If a government fails to protect its citizens’ natural rights, they have the right to break the social contract and form a new government. Locke believed that this could be done peacefully while Rousseau believed violence would be necessary.

Question 6

Baron Montesquieu

Answer 6

French Enlightenment philosopher argued that the best protection of natural rights required the power of government to be divided. He forwarded the idea of establishing 3 branches of government (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) with separation of powers and checks and balances.

Question 7

American Revolution

Answer 7

Angry at the British King for raising taxes to pay for the French and Indian Wars (AKA: Seven Years War). American colonists believed the King had violated the English Bill of Rights’ “no taxation without representation” clause because American colonists had no representatives in parliament. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and issuing the Declaration of Independence to justify their position, the war would last from 1776 - 1783 with the colonists winning their independence. Washington would become the first president and establish a federalist system (state and national government) for the new nation.

Question 8

French Revolution

Answer 8

The period of rebellion lasted from 1789 to 1814 as French subjects overturned their monarchy in favor of a republic. The Revolution had 4 distinct phases:
1 - Constitutional Monarchy: The king agreed to share power with a new legislative branch of government.
2 - Reign of Terror = Most radical phase, 40,000 citizens will be guillotined forcrimes against the revolution.
3 - Directory and Dictatorship - A group of 5 men rule France, until Napoleon Bonaparte launches a coup d’état and seizes control of France for himself, crowing himself emperor.
4 - Napoleon is overthrown, and constitutional monarchy is reestablished.
The slogan of the French Revolution was Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Question 9

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 9

French Citizens were divided into three estates. The First Estate - Clergy, the Second Estate - the nobility, and the Third Estate - the peasantry. Angry over high taxes imposed by Louis XVI, a meeting of all three estates was called to decide if the Second estate would pay taxes. The vote was no. The Third Estate, angry, met on a tennis court, formed the National Assembly, took the Oath of the Tennis Court, and drafted a new constitution. The document outlined the rights of liberty, equality, fraternity, guaranteed to all male citizens. The creation of the document would mark the beginning of the First Phase of the French Revolution.

Question 10

Simon Bolivar

Answer 10

Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, this Latin American leader spearheaded the revolution in Central America that would lead to independence from Spain. He established Gran Columbia, established democracy in Latin America, and ruled as president for several years. Bolivia is named in his honor.

Question 11

Jamaica Letter

Answer 11

Simon Bolivar, leader of democratic revolutions in Latin America, laid out his vision for a united Latin America that was free of European domination.

Question 12

Haitian Revolution

Answer 12

1791 - 1804. Frustrated by unequal treatment and opportunities, the gens se couleur (racially mixed Haitians) sought political equality to the white Europeans. Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, the slave revolt led to the establishment of the Republic of Haiti - the second independent republic in the Western Hemisphere and the first to abolish slavery.

Question 13

Three Examples of Revolutionary Documents

Answer 13

Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Simon Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

Question 14

Nation-States

Answer 14

A term used to describe the political unification of a group of people with a shared history, language, and culture. During the 18th century, revolutions and rebellions led to the formation of many new nation-states. These revolutions and rebellions often inspired others to follow their lead and pursue the same path.

Question 15

German Unification

Answer 15

In 1871, after long military and political efforts by Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck, varying German states were unified into one nation. Bismarck orchestrated military operations to secure enough territory for a single German nation and maneuvered France into a declaration of war to solidify the need of one Germany. As a result of unification, Germany rose as a major European power while France’s power and influence began to fall.

Question 16

Italian Unification

Answer 16

In 1870, Giuseppe Garibaldi brought together the diverse Italian kingdoms and created a unified Italy. Sardinian prime minister Comte Camillo di Cavour expelled the Austrians from northern Italy and the King of Sardinia became the monarch of a unified Italy.

Question 17

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 17

The application of the scientific method (animal breeding and use of fertilizers) and mechanization (seed drill) to farming created dramatic increases in food production. Landowners claimed common land, built fences, (enclosures) and experimented to increase yield. Food surpluses allowed people to do something other than farm. As food production increased population increased as well creating a large population of workers available to do other jobs.

Question 18

Industrial Revolution

Answer 18

18th and 19th Century shift away from an economy based on agriculture to one based on machine-made manufacturing. The Industrial Revolution began in England and would slowly spread to the United States, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. European nations whose borders are on the Atlantic Ocean had an advantage - raw materials could be shipped in and manufactured goods shipped out boosting their economies.

Question 19

Industrialization

Answer 19

When a society develops an economic system that relies on factories and manufacturing. Industrialization first began in Europe and spread around the world over time. This is one of the factors that identify modern nations.

Question 20

Factors Leading to Industrialization

Answer 20

Agricultural Revolution: (Machines, Fertilizer, Animal Breeding)
Transportation: (Steamboat, Railroad, Canals)
Expanding economy: (Credit, Corporations, Laws, Foreign Resources)
New Forms of Energy: (Steam - later = Electricity)
Latural Resources: (Coal, Iron Ore, Water)
Inventions and Innovation: (Steam Engine, Bessemer Process, Power Loom)
Stable Government: (No Napoleonic Wars on British Soil)

Question 21

Urbanization

Answer 21

The migration from farms (rural areas) to cities (urban areas) in search for jobs in factories. Increased urbanization is linked to industrialization. As more factories and people moved to cities, they became polluted, crowded, and offered substandard housing to the working-class. The burning of coal increased air pollution and the dumping of sewage and chemicals from factories sometimes made rivers in urban areas toxic. Crowded conditions led to increased crime, public health crises, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

Question 22

Steam Power

Answer 22

A type of power created by heating water to the boiling point in order to create steam, which raises the internal pressure in an engine and creates power. Steam will be the second source of new energy used during the Industrial Revolution.
Water is the first form of energy.

Question 23

Fossil Fuels

Answer 23

Fossil fuels are carbon-based fuels found beneath the Earth’s crust and have formed over millions of years. Coal, oil, kerosene, and gasoline are important energy sources. With the development of the internal-combustion engine, fossil fuels (oil and gasoline) would eventually replace steam.

Question 24

Internal Combustion Engine

Answer 24

This type of engine combines oxygen and gasoline to create energy. The development of this engine would eventually replace the steam engine and help power the Second Industrial Revolution.

Question 25

James Watt

Answer 25

Developed the Steam Engine. The steam engine would be used to power machines in factories, steamboats, and railroads. Steam power replaced waterpower during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 26

Eli Whitney

Answer 26

Cotton Gin - Increased the production of cotton fibers. Cotton becomes a popular and inexpensive textile and the invention is a boost for the Southern economy in the United States. Unfortunately, growing cotton is labor intensive - the invention increased the reliance on slave labor.

Question 27

Samuel Morse

Answer 27

Invented the telegraph: an electric device used for transmitting messages over long distances and called the Morse Code - a series of dots and dashes - used for transmitting messages.

Question 28

Factory System

Answer 28

A system of manufacturing that requires a concentration of labor in one place - a factory. The factory system developed as part of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 29

Mass Production

Answer 29

A system of production that relies on specialization of labor, a division of labor, and interchangeable parts to manufacture goods on a large scale. An early example comes from Adam Smith’s book, The Wealth of Nations, with pin making being the example. Josiah Wedgewood applied this principle to the making of pottery and china with great success.

Question 30

Specialization of Labor

Answer 30

A system of labor that relies on the repetition of one particular task by a worker.
The goal of this method is to increase productivity.

Question 31

Second Industrial Revolution Focus

Answer 31

Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Precision Machinery

Question 32

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 32

Several social changes occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The institution of slavery declined and as did the role of the family as an economic unit. Working-class women and children entered the workforce while middle-class women focused on domestic duties - home and family. Men’s status as industrial workers increased their social value relative to working women and middle and working-class values began to differ.

Question 33

Adam Smith

Answer 33

The 18th century Scottish Economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations, which influenced the development of capitalism. Smith linked individual self-interest to the greater good and championed the division of labor as a means to increase productivity and economic profit.

Question 34

Capitalism

Answer 34

An economic system that focuses on private ownership for individual gain. This economic system relies on private ownership of the four factors of production (Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship) and the influence of the market to shape wages and prices. Capitalism has dominated Western economic practices since the end of feudalism.

Question 35

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Answer 35

This economic theory, promoted by Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill, holds that government should stay out of business by having little involvement in economic matters. The popularity of this economic philosophy contributed to the concept of a “free market,” the growth of stock markets, insurance companies, limited liability corporations and increased transnational business.

Question 36

Stock Market

Answer 36

Refers to the collection of markets and exchanges where buying, selling, and issuance of shares of publicly held companies (stocks) takes place.

Question 37

Limited-Liability Corporations

Answer 37

A limited liability company (LLC) is a corporate structure in the United States whereby the owners are not personally liable for the company’s debts or liabilities. Limited liability companies are hybrid entities that combine the characteristics of a corporation with those of a partnership or sole proprietorship.

Question 38

Trans-National Business

Answer 38

A commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities, does business in more than one country and does not consider any country its national home. One of the significant advantages of a transnational company is that they are able to maintain a greater degree of responsiveness to the local markets where they maintain facilities.

Question 39

Socialism

Answer 39

This economic and political philosophy rose as a reaction to capitalism during the 19th century. It holds that government runs industries rather than having them privately owned or owned by corporations. The benefits to society would then be greater because great differences in wealth would not exist because government would redistribute the wealth to benefit the most people. Many countries today have socialist aspects within their government.

Question 40

Karl Marx

Answer 40

A political and economic philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. Marx witnessed the disparity of wealth caused by the Industrial Revolution in England and believed that a class struggle would lead to a class war. The outcome would be a new social system in which all people would be equal and work for the benefit of all.

Question 41

Marxism

Answer 41

The political and economic system developed by Marx and Engels. Under this system capitalism would fall and there would be no private property. Marx viewed capitalism as exploitive and that a class struggle would become a class war that would lead to social change. Marxism is the foundation of communism.

Question 42

Communism

Answer 42

The political philosophy of Karl Marx. For communism to be established, a class war led by the proletariat (working-class) against the bourgeoisie (owners - capitalists) would overthrow the existing and social and economic order and pave the way for a new society and economy based on equality.

Question 43

Proletariat

Answer 43

Karl Marx defined the proletariat as those who sell their labor for use in industrial production. Marx believed that the proletariat class was exploited by the owners of business and capital (bourgeoisie) and that the proletariat would one day overthrow their exploiters in a class war.

Question 44

Gold Standard

Answer 44

A monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types can be distinguished: specie, bullion, and exchange. Most nations abandoned the gold standard during the 20th century.

Question 45

Unions

Answer 45

These organizations of workers emerged during the 19 century as a reaction to substandard wages and dangerous working conditions. By organizing into unions, workers were able to engage in collective bargaining, strikes, and the shared goals of better wages and working conditions. Initially, unions were outlawed by government but later gained acceptance and grew in strength.

Question 46

Industrial Working Class

Answer 46

The working class of the Industrial Revolution who usually did hard labor for low wages. This class struggle the most and pushed for change more than the other classes. They also helped to create the trade and labor unions that arose during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 47

Middle Class

Answer 47

This economic and social class grew during the 19th century as industrialization increased the wages for men and allowed middle-class women to stay home.
Middle class values began to diverge from working class values creating a “cult of domesticity” which emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman’s role within the home, a mother’s focus on child development, and the dynamics of work and family. “True women” were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness

Question 48

Imperialism

Answer 48

When a stronger nation takes over a smaller country with the intent of dominating the political, social, and economic, lives of the people.
Imperialism allowed nations to become empires in the 19th century. The reasons fueling imperialism were the need for raw materials and new markets.

Question 49

Reasons for Imperialism

Answer 49

Economic - New markets and raw materials.
Political - Establish world empires.
Social - Social Darwinism, Missionary Impulse (conversion to native people to Christianity, and the abolition of slavery supported by religious groups.)

Question 50

Colonialism

Answer 50

The system in which one country falls under the rule of another. Colonized territories often serve as sources of raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods for the mother country.

Question 51

Indirect Rule of Colonies

Answer 51

Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through preexisting indigenous power structures. These dependencies were often called
“protectorates.”

Question 52

Direct Rule of Colonies

Answer 52

Direct colonial rule is a form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials.
In a system of direct rule, the native population is excluded from all but the lowest level of the colonial government.

Question 53

Non-State to State Colonial Control (2 Examples)

Answer 53

Congo - Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold Il to the Belgium government.
Indonesia and Southeastern Asia - Shift from the Dutch East India Company to the Dutch government.

Question 54

European States that Expanded Empires in Africa (3 Examples)

Answer 54

Britain - West Africa
Belgium - Congo
France - North and West Africa

Question 55

Settler Colonies

Answer 55

Examples of British settler colonies include South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. In Australia, the White Australia Policy discouraged Asian immigration and encouraged immigration from Britain. Australia was originally settled by British convicts including women prisoners. When gold was discovered in 1851, immigration increased, and many people stayed to run sheep ranches. British settlement was disastrous for the native people. Smallpox and other diseases would decimate the aboriginal people and push them into the desert regions not suitable for farming or ranching. New Zealand was settled by British farmers.
This sparked a war with the native people. The Maori, evicted from land suitable for farming, fought back in a series of war spanning 1860 - 1864. The fighting ended with a treaty that put the Maori under British protection and placed on reservations. France and Algeria: One of France’s longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, known as colons. However, Muslims remained the majority population throughout its history.

Question 56

Scramble for Africa

Answer 56

Prior to 1874, Europeans stayed along the coast of Africa, built forts, and engaged in trade. Because it had not been explored, Africa was called the “Dark Continent.” David Livingstone went to Africa to explore the interior and find the source of the Nile River. After losing contact with him, Henry Morton Stanley was hired by a US Newspaper to find Livingstone - “Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” Upon Stanley’s return to London, he wrote about his adventures. King Leopold of Belgium later hired Stanley to negotiate land deals in the Congo region on the King’s behalf. The establishment of Belgium in the Congo opened the continent to exploitation by other European countries. Fearing Belgium’s foothold on the continent, others rush to establish colonies in Africa.

Question 57

Berlin Conference

Answer 57

This conference was hosted by Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, Germany. Germany sought to be a player on the world stage and invited leaders to the conference to reduce the tension that arose from the “Scramble for Africa.” The conference led to agreements over the colonization of Africa. As a result, European powers could establish a colony in Africa after notifying the other powers, but they could not control the Congo River basin which had already been colonized by Belgium.

Question 58

Social Darwinism

Answer 58

A theory proposed by Herbert Spencer that incorporated the ideas of Charles Darwin, found in his book The Origin of the Species,” and applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to different racial groups. Spencer coined the phrase
“Survival of the fittest” and promoted the idea that Europeans, who had industrialized, were the most evolved humans. This theory allowed Europeans to justify the exploitation of other, weaker societies, throughout the world.

Question 59

Racial Ideology

Answer 59

This ideology emerged as a means of justifying European imperialism during the 19th century. Some thinkers, scientists, and philosophers argued that Europeans were morally and intellectually superior to other races.

Question 60

Economic Imperialism

Answer 60

This form of imperialism exists when an imperialist nation extends its influence through economic might rather than its physical presence. Examples of economic imperialism include the British East India Company’s control over India, British and French expansion in China through the Opium Wars, and the United States and with its heavy investments (United Fruit Company) in Latin America. The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with support of British firms.

Question 61

British East India Company

Answer 61

This company held a monopoly of British-Indian trade from the 17th to the early 19th centuries and for a time, controlled India on behalf of the British government. The British East India Company’s power was challenged when native Indians, who were hired by the company to protect its people and investments, rebelled over the use of animal fat to seal the cartridges used in their rifles. The failure of the company to put down the rebellion allowed the British government to take direct rule of the country. The period of direct rule is known as the British Raj and would last 90 years.

Question 62

Sepoys

Answer 62

Indian troops hired by the British East India Company were hired to oversee and protect the company’s interests. In 1857, the Sepoys rebelled against the company’s use of animal fat to seal the cartridges in the rifles they used. The rebellion led to the British taking direct imperial control of India.

Question 63

Indian Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion)

Answer 63

This revolt occurred when Indian Sepoy troops rebelled against British authorities over the use of animal fat to seal the cartridges in the rifles they used. The fat was not identified but beef fat would offend Hindus and pork fat would offend Muslims. As a result of the rebellion, Britain’s government imposed direct control over India. The period of direct rule was known as the Raj. Anticolonial movements such as the Indian Revolt (Sepoy Rebellion) stemmed from increasing questions about the right to rule and the rise of nationalism during the 19th century.

Question 64

Indian Civil Service

Answer 64

Once the British government established the Raj it was necessary to develop a civil service staff. Englishmen would hold the highest government positions and would be supported by Indian staff. The Indian Civil Service was responsible for the administration of all domestic and foreign policies.

Question 65

Indian National Congress

Answer 65

This nationalist organization formed in 1885 to reconcile British policies that conflicted with traditional Indian beliefs. It also worked to create a larger role for Indians in the Indian Civil Service.

Question 66

Anti-Colonial Movements Direct Resistance (4 Examples)

Answer 66

Boxer Rebellion - China = This unsuccessful rebellion occurred in 1900 when the Chinese tried to expel all foreigners in an effort to end foreign influence on Chinese society. The “Boxers” were the “Society of Harmonious Fists” names so because they only had their fists as weapons. It took a multi-national force to end the rebellion.

Tupac Amaru Il’s Rebellion - Peru: An unsuccessful uprising of native and mestizo peasants who sought to increase indigenous American rights against the Bourbon reforms put in place by the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.

Samory Toure’s Rebellion - West Africa: Ture was a warrior king, and empire builder, and hero against French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898.

Yaa Asantewaa War - West Africa: Also known as the War of the Golden Stool, was the final war in a series of conflicts between the British Imperial government of the Gold Coast (later Ghana) and the Ashanti Empire - an autonomous state in West Africa that co-existed with the British and its vassal coastal tribes. When the Ashanti began rebelling against British rule, the British attempted to put down the unrest. Furthermore, the British governor demanded that the Asante turn over to the British the Golden Stool, i.e. the throne and symbol of Asante sovereignty. The war ended with the Ashanti maintaining its de facto independence. Even though the Ashanti were annexed into the British Empire, they ruled themselves with little reference to the colonial power.

Question 67

Religion-Based Rebellions Comparison

Answer 67

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement = This event occurred in 1857 when the Xhosa
people of South Africa sacrificed their cattle and destroy their crops in response to a prophesy given to her by the spirits of three ancestors and foretold by the millennial leader, Nongqawuse. The Xhosa believed that this action would lead to the overthrow of the British, but instead it led to widespread starvation and strengthened British rule.

Ghost Dance = This 19th century Native American religious movement sought to
revive traditional cultures and expel the white settlers who controlled their ancestral lands. Ghost Dance was a millennial movement led by Wovoka. The Wounded Knee massacre weakened the movement.

Taiping Rebellion = This unsuccessful rebellion occurred in China in the 1850s
after Hong Xiuquan, believing he was the brother of Jesus Christ, founded a branch of Christianity in China. From this branch a peasant rebellion arose in an effort to create a more egalitarian society. It is estimated that at least 20 million people died as a result of the conflict.

Mahdist Revolt - Sudan, Africa = Following the invasion by Muhammad Ali in 1819, Sudan was governed by an Egyptian administration. This colonial system was resented by the Sudanese people, because of the heavy taxes it imposed and because of the bloody start of the Turkish-Egyptian rule in Sudan. The combined Egyptian and British troops put down the rebellion and brought the area under British control.

Question 68

Opium Wars

Answer 68

These conflicts fought between Britain and China in the 19th century stemmed from a trade imbalance that favored the Chinese. In an effort to balance trade, Britain started importing opium to China. China tried to halt the importation of opium which the British refused to stop. The Opium Wars were an outgrowth of isolationist China and European nations in search of new markets. Both Opium Wars ended in defeat for China and the treaties that were negotiated permitted foreigners to have greater trade privileges in China.

Question 69

Most-Favored-Nation-Status

Answer 69

A result of a series of treaties known as The Unequal Treaties, which ended the Opium Wars. Under the Treaty of Nanking, the Canton System was dismantled, the Island of Hong Kong became a British colony and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was established by the British to finance trade.
Extra-territorial Rights were given to foreigners who could conduct trade according to the laws of their land, and Britain was granted Most-Favored-Nation-Status. This meant that Britain was given a trade advantage over all other nations.
Under these Unequal Treaties, the Qing lost control over foreign trade.

Question 70

Spheres of Influence

Answer 70

After the Opium Wars, most Chinese ports were controlled by foreign powers.
Each port being controlled by a designated nation.

Question 71

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 71

This state sponsored reform movement in China saw local leaders attempt to enact military and economic reforms by building modern shipyards, railroads, and weapons industries as well as establishing scientific schools. Although the movement met with some resistance, it encouraged imperial policy reforms.

Question 72

U.S. Influence in Japan

Answer 72

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Edo Bay with iron-clad, steamships seeking to negotiate a trade agreement with Japan. Japan feared that what happened to China would happen to Japan. Perry agreed to return a year later to get his answer. The Tokugawa shogun agreed to sign the Unequal Treaty - Treaty of Kanagawa. This action led to the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the rise of the Meiji. Under the Emperor Mutsuhito, a modernization program was instituted. Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe and the United States in search of models to use for government, industry, and education. They chose the German constitution, British industrial models, and the US education system. They also began to westernize their military. The transformation was dramatic. Ending their isolationist practices, the Japanese would seek to become and imperialist nation - like the Europeans and the U.S.

Question 73

Meiji Restoration

Answer 73

This is a period of significant reform to Japan’s government and economy due to American and European influences. Japan underwent rapid, government - sponsored industrialization and quickly emerged as an economic, political, and military force in Asia. Through several wars, Japan would prove itself and become a dominant player in the region. It also showed the West that it had become a world power.

Question 74

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 74

This conflict, in 1894, brought China and Japan into war over dominance of the Korean peninsula. Japan, who had recently modernized, won the war with its superior weapons and tactics. As a result, Japan assumed control of Korea, Taiwan, and other Chinese territories.

Question 75

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 75

This conflict from 1904 to 1905 was battled between Russia and Japan after Russia tried to expand into Japanese territory in East Asia. Japan, using modern weapons and tactics, defeated Russia and ended Russian expansion in that region.
Japan emerged with increased prestige for defeating a Western power.

Question 76

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Answer 76

This railroad was built between 1891 and 1904 to connect Moscow with the eastern city of Vladivostok. The construction of the railroad was the Russian government’s attempt to encourage rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by linking the western and eastern parts of the Empire.

Question 77

Emancipation of the Serfs

Answer 77

In 1861 the emancipation of the serfs marked the end of feudalism in Europe and the spread of industrialization to Russia. The end of serfdom reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas of freedom and liberty.

Question 78

Ottoman Decline

Answer 78

The increased use of trans-oceanic shipping for global trade led to the economic decline of the Ottoman Empire. From 1853, to 1856 the Ottoman Empire faced war with. Russia on the Crimean Peninsula. The Crimean War was fought to protect Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire. Russia battled the combined British, French, and Ottoman Turks before being defeated. The defeat exposed weaknesses on both sides and both Russian and the Ottoman Empire began efforts to modernize.

Question 79

Tanzimat Movement

Answer 79

This Ottoman Empire, government-led reform movement sought to modernize the.
Taking place from 1839 to 1876, the first reforms were created to improve and modernize the military. Then the French legal codes replaced shari’ a law. The new laws included public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law. Marriage and divorce still under shari’ a law. A state-sponsored public education was created. Reforms criticized by Ulama and religious conservatives allowed radical dissidents to seize power in 1876. Under the new sultan the constitution was suspended, and liberal members of parliament and the bureaucracy were executed.
Despotism inspired liberal opposition groups to form.

Question 80

Young Turks

Answer 80

Official title is the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, but the group is better known as “The Young Turks.” This groups formed among exiles living in Paris who were inspired by Turkish nationalism. They wanted to restore the suspended constitution, wrote papers and published their works, and plotted coups and assassinations. In 1908, their coup d’etat was successful. Liberal Mehmed V.
Rashid became sultan. He pushed to make Turkish the official language and the empire reduced its borders.

Question 81

“Sick Man of Europe”

Answer 81

Ethnic groups pressured the empire to become independent states. Greece and the Balkan countries broke free from the empire and established independent states.
Egypt became semi-independent, along with the areas under French control. Syria and Iraq pushed for independence; so by the 20th century the Ottoman Empire known as “Sick Man of Europe” for its failure to westernize and continued turmoil.

Question 82

Muhammad Ali

Answer 82

Not the boxer - the Egyptian leader who ruled from 1805 to 1848 after the fall of Napoleon. During his reign, Ali encouraged self-sponsored industrialization of the cotton textile industry in Egypt. He also modernized the Egyptian military with the help of the French. His success rested on the combining of Islamic tradition with modern ideas.

Question 83

Suez Canal

Answer 83

This canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and allowed ships to travel between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. The Suez Canal was begun by the French and finished by the British. It opened in 1869 and was protected by the British and French for several decades.

Question 84

Seven Examples of Industrialized Nations the Established Empires in Asian and the Pacific

Answer 84

British - Singapore, Burma, Malaysia Dutch - Indonesia
French - Indochina - “Vietnam”
Germany - New Guinea
Russia - Fort Ross “Alaska”
United States - Philippines, Guam, Hawaii
Japan - Korea

Question 85

Single-Crop Agriculture

Answer 85

Crops grown on large plantations for export. Examples include:
Cotton: U.S., India, Caribbean, and Egypt Rubber: South America, Congo Region, Southeast Asia Palm Oil: Sub-Saharan, West Africa Meat: Argentina and Urugauy
Guano: Chile and Peru (Atacama Desert)
Diamonds: South Africa

Question 86

Mining Centers

Answer 86

Mining centers developed as electricity required copper for wires and as wealth created demand for gold and diamonds. Mining centers grew in Mexico - copper; and in South Africa - diamonds and gold

Question 87

Decline in Middle Eastern and Asian Manufacturing

Answer 87

Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia.
Iron works in India.
Textile production in India and Egypt.

Question 88

Trans-National Businesses

Answer 88

The United Fruit Company: An American corporation that traded and exported tropical fruit (mostly bananas) grown in Central and South America. UFC controlled territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and the West Indies. It maintained a monopoly in certain regions, some of which came to be called “banana republics.”
The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: (HSBC) was founded by the British colony of Hong Kong and in Shanghai in 1865 and benefited British merchants during the start of trading in China, including the opium trade.
Unilever: Based in England and the Netherlands the company operated in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo, producing soap and margarine for Europeans, Americans, and their colonies in Africa.

Question 89

Empires Resistant to Economic Change

Answer 89

China
Ottoman Empire
Both viewed Europeans as “barbarians.” Both had benefitted for centuries from land-based trade over the Silk Roads. Maintaining a conservative point of view neither wanted to change from the policies and worked so well in the past.

Question 90

Four Examples of State-Sponsored Industrialization

Answer 90

Meiji Reforms - Japan
Self- Strengthening Movement - China
Emancipation of Serfdom, Development of Factories/Railroads - Tsarist Russia Development of Cotton Textile Industry - Muhammad Ali, Egypt.

Question 91

Four Economic Reforms in Capitalist Nations

Answer 91

State Pensions (retirement for government workers)
Public Health (Regular Trash Pick-Up, Quarantines, Hospitals)
Suffrage in Britain (Women get the vote!)
Public Education (Started in France under Napoleon. Spread to Britain, Germany, and Belgium as a means to keep children who were not working in factories occupied - preventing crime and training future workers.)

Question 92

Nationalism

Answer 92

Extreme pride or patriotism in one’s nation. Often nationalist thinking places one’s own national or people above other nations and people. Britain, France, and Spain all relied on nationalist doctrines during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Question 93

New Political Ideologies Four Examples

Answer 93

Liberalism - the political ideology that arose as a result of Enlightenment ideas.
Liberalism supports rights and freedoms and puts the focus on the individual while limiting the powers of the government. America, Haiti, and Latin America after the revolutions are examples.
Conservatism - The political ideology that seeks to maintain traditional values, social classes, and religious customs. Nations in Europe, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, China, are examples of conservative nations.
Communism - Is a political ideology proposed by Karl Marx in which all citizens are equal and share equally in the benefits of society. Russia and China in the 201h century will adopt this ideology.

Question 94

National Unification or Liberation

Answer 94

Propaganda Movement in the Philippines: native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1886. Filipinos called for representation in the Philippines in the Spanish parliament, secularization of the clergy, legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality, independent school system, abolition, guarantee of basic freedoms, and equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service.
Maori nationalism in New Zealand: Resistance movement against land loss and cultural imperialism.
Puerto Rico and the writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tio: Lola Rodríguez de Tió, was the first Puerto Rican-born woman poet to establish herself a reputation as a great poet throughout Latin America. A believer in women’s rights, she was also committed to the abolition of slavery and the independence of Puerto Rico.
Ottomanism: The Tanzimat sought modernization of the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. The reforms attempted to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms sought to emancipate the empire’s non-Muslim subjects and more thoroughly integrate non-Turks into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the empire.

Question 95

New States Develop For Examples

Answer 95

Cherokee Nation -The Cherokee Nation was established in the 20th century, by members of the Cherokee Nation who relocated from the Southeast - due to increasing pressure to move to Indian Territory and the Cherokee who were forced to relocate on the Trail of Tears.
Sokoto Caliphate - The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Sunni Caliphate in West Africa that was founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio. It was abolished when the British conquered the area in 1903 and established the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.
Zulu Kingdom - Led by Shaka, King of the Zulu, the kingdom would expand outside the borders of British held territory in Africa.
Balkan Nationalism: The Balkans were provinces or protectorates of foreign empires - the Ottomans, the Habsburgs and the Russians. When culture-based and language-based nationalistic ideas of German philosophers like started spreading, the Balkans were one of the places where the thought that the linguistic and cultural reality of the peoples who inhabit the territory must be personified and embodied by the structure and borders of the state itself.

Question 96

Enlightenment Ideas and Industrialization Challenges to Old Ideas Five Examples

Answer 96

Social/Gender Relations -In Britain women could be educated and received the right to vote before women in other industrialized nations.
Abolition of Slavery - Using Enlightenment ideas, along with moral and economic arguments, William Wilberforce forced out slavery in the British Empire. The United States fought a Civil War over the issue of slavery.
End of Serfdom - Russia ended serfdom (1861) - feudalism ended in Europe.
Ethnic Identity - Nationalism, based on language, religion, social customs, and territory, would lead to the break-up of empires and the establishment on new states including Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and Egypt.
Feminism - The advocacy of women’s rights based on the equality of the sexes.

Question 97

Rise of Women’s Rights

Answer 97

Mary Wollstonecraft published the Vindication of Women’s Rights in 1792. In the feminist work, Wollstonecraft called for increased social equality for men and women through greater educational opportunities for women.
Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791, advocating increased rights for women and children, including those born outside marriage.
Seneca Falls Convention, 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote and presented the Declaration of Sentiments; modeled on the Declaration of Independence.

Question 98

Suffrage

Answer 98

Suffrage refers to the right to vote. Expanding the right to vote during the 19th century reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas about social relations.
Women’s suffrage was a prominent political issue in industrialized nations such as Britain, France, and the United States.

Question 99

U.A. in Latin America

Answer 99

The U.S. issued the Monroe Doctrine to prevent colonization in South and Central America by European nations. The Doctrine gave America the ability to use military intervention in Latin America if trouble threatened American interests.
When the U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba, the U.S. intervened to help the Cubans win independence from Spain. This led to the Spanish American War. Spain lost and the U.S. got an empire when the Spanish gave up territories like Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the U.S. The Roosevelt Corollary further strengthened American interests in Latin America. When the Panama Canal could not be completed by the French, the U.S. intervened militarily and finished the canal.

Question 100

Global Population Increase

Answer 100

Agricultural Revolution - improved breeding methods and food production.
Improved Medical Technology and Treatment - germ theory, anesthesia, and surgery.
Improved Transportation - Railroads, canals, steamboats, ships, expand the movement of food and people to new areas.
Migration - Pull Factors such as increased opportunities encourages migration.
Push Factors such as oppression encouraged migration to other areas. Migrations increase the population in new areas.

Question 101

Immigration

Answer 101

The movement of people grew dramatically during the 19th century. Some chose to migrate for economic opportunities, others were forced to migrate as coerced labor. Many migrants during this time were male, so women developed new roles in the home country. Immigrants were not always fully accepted by their new societies and often endured prejudice. Immigrants often settled in ethnic enclaves already established in new countries.

Question 102

Ethnic Enclaves

Answer 102

Chinese Enclaves - Southeast Asia, Latin America (Caribbean), North America.
Indian Enclaves - East and Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean.
Irish - North America.
Italians - North America and South America.
Ethnic groups settled together within the new society, usually in a city Chinatowns are also examples of ethnic enclaves.

Question 103

Types of Labor

Answer 103

Coerced Semi-Coerced: Slaves - Africa (only until 1880), Indentured Servitude -
China, India. Convict Labor (Britain and France)
Freely Located: Manual Laborers (unskilled) and Specialized Laborers (Skilled).
Example: Italian industrial workers in Argentina. Italians - Argentina Ranches and Farms.
Temporary Laborers: Japanese Farmers - Pacific Rim, Hawaii. Lebanese
Merchants - Americas.

Question 104

Anti-Immigration Prejudice

Answer 104

Coerced Semi-Coerced: Slaves - Africa (only until 1880), Indentured Servitude -
China, India. Convict Labor (Britain and France)
Freely Located: Manual Laborers (unskilled) and Specialized Laborers (Skilled).
Example: Italian industrial workers in Argentina. Italians - Argentina Ranches and Farms.
Temporary Laborers: Japanese Farmers - Pacific Rim, Hawaii. Lebanese
Merchants - Americas.