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APUSH > Period 3: Chapters 4-6 > Flashcards

Period 3: Chapters 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

George Washington (4)

A
  • young colonel who fought in Ohio Valley against French and sparked Seven Years’ War
  • commander in chief of the Continental Army
  • 1st president of the United States: voted unanimously both terms and retired willingly
  • Proclamation of Neutrality
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2
Q

Albany Plan of Union (3)

A
  • developed by Ben Franklin
  • provided inter colonial government, system for recruiting troops, and way to collect taxes for common defense
  • set precedence for more revolutionary congresses
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3
Q

Peace of Paris (3)

A
  • 1763 peace treaty of French and Indian War
  • gave Britain French Canada and Spanish Florida
  • French gave up Louisiana a to Spain in compensation for losing Florida
  • extended British control of North America and eliminated French presence in Americas
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4
Q

Salutary Neglect (2)

A
  • British policy of looking the other way rather than enforcing the Navigation and Trade acts
  • led to conflict w colonists when acts were finally enforced
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5
Q

King George III (3)

A
  • Britain monarch during American Revolution
  • legitimately crazy
  • ignored Olive Branch Petition and Declaration of Rights and Grievances
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6
Q

Parliament (3)

A
  • legislative body of England
  • 2 parties: Whigs and Tories
  • made laws that outraged colonists
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7
Q

Proclamation of 1763 (3)

A
  • proclamation issued by British prohibiting settlement on lands west of the Appalachians (wanted less conflict w/ NA (Pontiacs Rebellion))
  • angered colonists who were expecting the western lands as reward for winning Seven Years’ War
  • caused even more colonists to settle on lands in defiance
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8
Q

Writs of assistance

A
  • general license allowing random searches of colonial houses by British soldiers w/o reasons or warrant
  • attempted to catch illegal smuggling (in response to Navigation acts)
  • reason for 4th amendment
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9
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion (3)

A
  • Indian Chief Pontiac and allies destroyed forts and settlements
  • angered by British expansion and British didn’t give gifts like France
  • first test of British presecnce in colonies: Britain sent their troops in rather than flying on colonial forces
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10
Q

Sugar act (4)

A
  • 1764 act that placed tax on sugar and other luxuries and provided stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts
  • passed in order to raise money for British crown
  • colonists accused of smuggling were tried by crown appointed judges without juries
  • reason for 5th amendment
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11
Q

Quartering Act (2)

A
  • 1765 act that required colonists to provide food and shelter for British soldiers stationed in colonies
  • reason for 3rd amendment
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12
Q

Stamp act (5)

A
  • 1765 act that put tax on printed documents in colonies (stamos, newspapers, legal papers, ads, pamphlets)
  • passed in order to support British military in colonies
  • first direct tax on colonists
  • resulted in the Stamp Act Congress, boycotts, and violent acts of defiance (Sons and Daughters of Liberty)
  • Parliament pressured by London merchants to repeal acts
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13
Q

Patrick Henry (2)

A
  • Virginia lawyer that was one of the first to demand no taxation w/o representation
  • against strong central government: refused to attend Constitutional Convention
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14
Q

Declaratory Act (3)

A
  • 1766 act enacted right after repeal of stamp act
  • gave Parliament right to tax and make laws for colonies in any case whatsoever
  • wasn’t noticed at first, but renewed conflict between colonists and Britain
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15
Q

Townsend Acts (5)

A
  • series of taxes on imported glass and paper
  • raised revenues to pay government officials in colonies, making their salaries independent from those decided by the representative assemblies
  • allowed searching of private homes for smuggled goods
  • suspended New York assembly for defying Quartering Act
  • sparked defiance among colonists and formed new views of liberties
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16
Q

John Dickinson (2)

A
  • wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
  • said parliament had the right to regulate commerce but couldn’t tax the colonies without the consent of representatives assemblies
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17
Q

Massachusetts circulatory letter (2)

A
  • written by Samuel Adams and James Otis

- urged colonies to petition for repealment of Townshend Acts and boycott of British goods

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18
Q

Lord Frederick the North (1)

A

-new British prime minister that repealed Townshend acts because of the small amount of revenue they were bringing in due to colonial boycotts

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19
Q

Samuel Adams (4)

A
  • radical patriot that worked to inflame anti British feeling among colonists
  • major player in American Revoution
  • member of Continental Congress
  • coauthor of Massachusetts circulatory letter
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20
Q

James Otis (2)

A
  • Radical patriot

- coauthor of Massachusetts circulatory letter

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21
Q

Boston Massacre (5)

A
  • crowd of colonists harassed groups of British guards until British fired shots into the crowd
  • 5 people killed
  • soldiers were defended by John Adams and acquitted
  • major influence for Revoution
  • picture drawn by Paul Revere
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22
Q

Tea Act (3)

A
  • 1773 act that lowered price of British India Tea Company (because of their financial problems)
  • colonists still refused to buy tea to show that Parliament didn’t have the right to tax them
  • led to Boston Tea Party
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23
Q

Boston Tea Party (2)

A
  • group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded British ship and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor ($2 million)
  • mixed reactions from other colonists: some thought it was a justifiable act of liberty while others thought the destruction of property was too radical
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24
Q

Intertolerable Acts (4)

A
  • Coercive acts
  • Quebec act: organized Canada and established official religion
  • in retaliation in Boston Tea Party
  • outraged colonists: coercive acts limited their rights while Quebec act scared them(would British make an official religion for them too?)
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25
Q

Coercive Acts

A
  • 1774 act to punish people of Boston and Massachusettsand control rebellion
  • closed Boston harbor and prohibited trade in or out until destroyed tea was paid for
  • Massachusetts Government Act: reduced power of Massachusetts legislature while strengthening power of royal governor
  • Administration of Justice Act: allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England rather than in colonies
  • expanded Quartering Act to all private homes
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26
Q

Massachusetts Government Act (2)

A
  • Part of coercive acts

- reduced power of Massachusetts legislature while strengthening power of royal governor

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27
Q

Enlightenment (2)

A
  • Mid 18th century movement that changed people’s way if thinking regarding science, reason, and philosophy
  • profound influence on American Revolution and DoI
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28
Q

John Locke (2)

A
  • 18th century philosopher (Enlightenment era)

- philosophies present in DoI: life, liberty, property; all men created equally

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29
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1)

A

French philosopher who had a large influence on revolutionary ideas in America

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30
Q

First Continental Congress (5)

A

-Sep. 1774 convention held in Philadelphia in response to Intolerable Acts
-Georgia wasn’t present (greatest royal control: least anxious to rebel)
Most Americans didn’t want independence just wanted to fix relationship with England
-Suffolk resolves: immediate repeal of intolerable acts and boycotts
-Declaration of rights and grievances: asked King to fix colonial gover scnes and restore rights

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31
Q

Paul Revere (2)

A
  • warned Lexington and Concord of British approach

- drew picture of Boston. Massacre to incite colonists

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32
Q

William Dawes (1)

A

-warned Lexington and Concord of British approach

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33
Q

Minutemen(1)

A

Volunteer militia that made up Continental Army and fought war against British

34
Q

Lexington and Concord (3)

A
  • British troops tried to seize weapons in Lexington and Concord
  • American were forced to retreat at Lexington, then attacked British on way back from Concord from behind stone walls
  • 250 British casualties
35
Q

Battle of Bunker Hill (3)

A
  • misnamed: really occurred on Breeds Hill
  • Colonists took position on hill. British attacked and managed to seize hill after suffering over a thousand casualties
  • considered American victory because of the heavy losses inflicted on British
36
Q

Second Continental Congress (4)

A
  • May 1775 convention held in Philadelphia (same delegates as 1st)
  • mixed feelings: half wanted to declare independence while other wanted to negotiate new relations with England.
  • declaration of the causes and necessities for taking up arms
  • olive branch petition
37
Q

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms (3)

A
  • established continental army
  • called on colonies to provide troops
  • named Washington commander in chief
38
Q

Olive Branch Petition (3)

A
  • petition went to King George pledging loyalty
  • asked him to intercede with parliament to secure peace and protection of colonial rights
  • rejected by King
39
Q

Prohibitory Act (2)

A
  • declared colonies in rebellion

- forbade all trading and shipping between England and the colonies

40
Q

Thomas Paine (3)

A
  • English immigrant that wrote Common Sense
  • argued why colonies should get independence
  • it went against common sense for a tiny distant island to rule a large, prosperous continent and for people to pledge allegiance to a corrupt King and government
41
Q

Declaration of Independence (4)

A
  • Document written by five delegates of 2ndCC, including Jefferson
  • declared colonies’ independence from Britain
  • listed grievances against King and reasons that justified revolution
  • signed July 4, 1776
42
Q

Thomas Jefferson (6)

A
  • chief author of DoI
  • greatest critic of Washington and opposer of Hamilton
  • leader of Democratic-Republican party and looked out for small farmers
  • 3rd president of US
  • major role in creating political parties
  • Adams’ VP
43
Q

Patriots (4)

A
  • 40% of population actively participating in war against British
  • mostly from New England and Virginia
  • had to work farms while fighting: while there were several hundreds of thousand patriots, Washington only had about 20,000 troops at a time
  • leaders: Washington, Hancocks, Adams, Madison, Hamilton, Revere
44
Q

Loyalists (4)

A
  • 20-30% of population that sided with the British
  • known as Tories after British parliament party
  • fought with British soldiers, supplied them with arms and food, and raided Patriot homes
  • wealthier and more conservative than Patriots (clergy or gov officials)
45
Q

Valley Forge (3)

A
  • valley in Pennsylvania where Washington and his army camped during 1777-1778 winter
  • severe weather conditions wiped out many of Washington’s troops
  • remaining soldiers remained unwaveringly loyal to Washington and came out more determined to defeat the British than ever
46
Q

Battle of Saratoga (2)

A
  • colonial troops commanded by Arnold and Gates attacked British troops heading for Canafa and forced surrender
  • turning point of war: after victory, France openly allied itself with the colonies, which split British attention between the colonies and war on their own continent
47
Q

Battle of Yorktown (3)

A
  • French military and naval forces and Washington’s army forced surrender of Cornwallis’ much larger army
  • last major battle of the revolution
  • news of Cornwallis’ defeat caused change in Parliament (Tory to Whig) and Whigs called for peace
48
Q

Treaty of Paris (4)

A
  • 1783 peace treaty between colonies and England
  • Britain would recognize US as independent country
  • Mississippi River is US western boundary
  • Americans had fishing rights off coast of Canada
  • Americans would pay war debts and return property confiscated from loyalists
49
Q

Articles of Confederation (5)

A
  • 1st US constitution
  • weak central government: couldn’t regulate commences or collect taxes
  • states has to donate money to government rather than taxes
  • no executive or judiciary branch
  • require 9/13 votes and unanimous vote for major changes
50
Q

Shay’s Rebellion (4)

A
  • Daniel Shays and group of farmers led uprising against state taxes, debt imorisonment, and lack of paper money
  • stopped tax collection and forced closing of debtor courts
  • ended when Shays tried to seize weapons and was defeated by Massachusetts militia
  • showed how weak Articles of Confederation were
51
Q

Abigail Adams (2)

A
  • wife of John Adams

- pleaded with husband for women’s rights

52
Q

Constitutional Convention (3)

A
  • 1787 meeting held in Philadelphia to revise AoC
  • delegates ended up writing brand new constitution
  • delegates were all white, wealthy, college educated males that either helped write state constitution or were practicing lawyers
53
Q

James Madison (4)

A
  • Father of Constitution
  • in charge of writing specific articles for the new constitution
  • persuaded delegates to meet in Philadelphia
  • created Virginia plan
54
Q

Alexander Hamilton (5)

A
  • Jeffersons greatest opponent
  • leader of Federalist Party
  • Developed financial plan to fix governments financial crisis (pay debts, collect tariffs for revenue, and create national bank) criticized by Jefferson
  • looked out for merchants
  • 1st secretary of the treasury
55
Q

Checks and balances (2)

A
  • system used to limit government power by limiting each branch (legislative, executive, judicial) to limit the power of the others
  • won’t allow tyrannical government
56
Q

Virginia plan (3)

A
  • Madison’s plan for state representation
  • representation should be determined based on population
  • favored large states
57
Q

New Jersey Plan (2)

A
  • said representation should be equal for all states regardless of population
  • favored small states
58
Q

Great Compromise (2)

A
  • plan developed by Roger Sherman combining the Virginia and the New Jersey plans
  • two house legislature: Senate- 2 reps for each state; House of Reps: based on population
59
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise (2)

A
  • compromise on issue whether slaves should be included in state population and representation
  • determines that each slave counts as three fifths of a person for taxation and representation purposes
60
Q

Slave trade (4)

A
  • system of trading goods for African slaves
  • delegates decided slaves could be imported for another 20 years longer, but after laws can be abolished
  • outlawed slavery in new territories
  • first steps in abolishing slavery
61
Q

Commercial System (3)

A
  • allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including tariffs on imports
  • taxes on exports because South states were afraid of expensive tariffs on tobacco and rice shipments
  • compromise: north wanted congress to regulate trade while south was afraid of export tariffs
62
Q

Electoral college system (3)

A
  • each state received a certain number of electoral votes based on population
  • those votes went towards whatever candidate the majority of the state voted for
  • Created because too much democracy could lead to mob rule
63
Q

Anti-Federalists (4)

A
  • colonists who didn’t support constitution with strong central government
  • mostly small farmers and settlers in the west
  • Leaders: Patrick Henry, George Mason, John Hancock
  • poorly organized
64
Q

Federalists’ Paper (3)

A
  • series of highly persuasive essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay
  • presented reasons for believing in practicality of each major provision of the constitution
  • swayed public opinion and got first three votes
65
Q

Bill of Rights (3)

A
  • first 10 amendments in the constitution
  • provide protection against abuses of power by federal government
  • appeased most Anti-Federalists’ objections and got all states to ratify
66
Q

Executive departments/ Cabinet (5)

A
  • heads of each part of the executive branch make up the Cabinet, who meet with president to give advice and information
  • Secretary of State: Jefferson
  • Secretary of the Treasury: Hamilton
  • Secretary of War: Henry Knox
  • Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
67
Q

Legislative branch (2)

A
  • Law making branch of government made of House of Reps. And Senate
  • regulate commerce, tax, declare war, and pass laws
68
Q

Judiciary Act (2)

A
  • established Supreme Court with one Chief Justice and 5 associate justices as highest federal court
  • also established 13 district courts and 3 courts of appeal
69
Q

Federal courts (2)

A
  • Supreme Court, district court, courts of appeal

- settled disputes and judge if actions are constitutional (Supreme only)

70
Q

Tariffs/Excise taxes (4)

A
  • tax out on imported goods
  • passed order to collect revenue to fix financial problems
  • cause of Whiskey Rebellion
  • policy developed by Hamilton
71
Q

Proclamation of Neutrality (4)

A
  • issued by Washington stating US neutrality in the French Revolution
  • Washington new young nation wasn’t strong enough to get involved in another war
  • Angered many Americans who wanted to help the French people in their fight for independence
  • Caused Jefferson to resign
72
Q

Jay Treaty (3)

A
  • Washington sent Jay to Britain to broker deal to get British ships to stop seizing US merchant ships and forcing seamen into military
  • after year of negotiating, Jay came back with treaty promising British would vacate forts on colonial western frontier but didn’t mention ships
  • angered French supporters but upheld Proclamation of Neutrality
73
Q

Whiskey Rebellion (4)

A
  • Western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay taxes on certain goods,especially whiskey, put on them by Hamilton
  • Attacked revenue collectors
  • Washington sent 15,000 militiamen to Pennsylvania and rebellion fell apart with almost no bloodshed
  • mixed reactions: some applauded Washington’s show of power, which the gov under AoC didn’t have, while others resented the unwarranted force he used
74
Q

Public Land Act (3)

A
  • 1796 act that established the procedure for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices
  • abundance of western lands due to Jay Treaty and victory at Battle of Fallen Timbers
  • allowed US to form new states
75
Q

Federalist Era (3)

A
  • 1790s when Federalists held majority in both houses
  • dominated by a Federalist policies that restricted their opponents (Democratic Republicans) rather than doing something got the common good
  • influenced division into parties
76
Q

Democratic-Republic party (3)

A
  • Federalists party’s opposition
  • Leader: Jefferson
  • opposed Hamilton’s financial plan and openly challenged Washington’s act of neutrality
77
Q

XYZ Affair (4)

A
  • Adams sent reps to Paris to get French ships to stop seizing US merchant ships and French ministers demanded a bribe for their protection
  • “Millions for protection, but not one cent for tribute”
  • angered Americans, who demanded war
  • Adams knew US still couldn’t handle another war and simply sent over more delegates
78
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts (4)

A
  • acts passed by Federalists to limit power of Democratic Republicans
  • increased immigrant citizenship requirement from 5 to 14 years
  • authorized president to deport dangerous immigrants and detain enemy immigrants during war time
  • made it illegal for newspapers to criticize government and imposed a fine and imprisonment
79
Q

Election/Revolution of 1800 (4)

A
  • Federalists lost popularity during Adams presidency and lost power in legislative and executive branches
  • presidency was between Burr and Jeffrson, two Democratic a Republican leaders: voted Jefferson (lesser evil)
  • DR gained majority in both houses
  • peaceful power shift from one party to another indicated the US government will be able to handle the future strain
80
Q

French and Indian War (3)

A
  • 4th and final war in a series of wars between France and Britain
  • First of four wars to take place in colonies
  • Britain won and French lost most colonial power in America

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