Period One: Pre-1607 (Terms)

Question 1

Bering Strait

Answer 1

• The Bering Strait is the only marine gateway between the icy Arctic and the Pacific Ocean
• Named after the Danish navigator who was hired by Russian officials: Vitus Bering
• Bering sailed through the icy Arctic Ocean and the Bering Strait which separates Siberia from Alaska
• It is believed that once, due to lower sea levels, this passage was above water
  * Allowing ancient peoples to walk across to north america

Question 2

Incas

Answer 2

• Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532
  • The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

Question 3

Mayans

Answer 3

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish

Question 4

Great League of Peace Law

Answer 4

• A constitution that established a democracy between five Iroquois-speaking tribes—the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, and Mohawk
  
  • This group of five nations, called the Iroquois Confederacy, was established around 1450

Question 5

Christian Liberty

Answer 5

An idea common in europe that freedom would come from abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of christ

Question 6

Caraval

Answer 6

A ship capable of long distance travel

Question 7

Benin

Answer 7

• The kingdom of Benin was a small, highly centralized state in West Africa ruled by a warrior king./The king of Benin patronized the artists who created brass sculptures
  
  • Rulers were called The Obas and They were very powerful and were treated like gods

Question 8

Sugar Plantations

Answer 8

• The development that led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the african slave trade
  
  • The sugar plantations were mainly in the Caribbean or Brazil, or West Indies (the string of islands between North and South America)

Question 9

Moors

Answer 9

• Muslims from Africa who lived in Spain; were brutally expelled after centuries of Christian-Islamic warfare
  
  • this sudden strength encouraged the Spanish to outstrip their Portuguese rivals in the race to tap the wealth of the Indies

Question 10

Visigoths

Answer 10

• A member of a powerful Germanic tribe that played an important role in the final decades of the Western Roman Empire
  
  • Visigoths made their mark on Roman history during the Sack of Rome in 410 AD and their participation in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields in 451
• Visigoths separated from the Ostrogoths in the 4th century ad, raided Roman territories repeatedly, and established great kingdoms in Gaul and Spain

Question 11

Reconquista

Answer 11

• The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslim occupiers
  
  • a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims (Moors), who from the 8th century ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula
  • Visigoths had ruled Spain for two centuries before they were overrun by the Umayyad empire.

Question 12

Conquistadores

Answer 12

• Any of the leaders in the Spanish conquest of America, especially of Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century.
  
  • helped Spain and Portugal to conquer new territories, to find gold, and to find trade routes.
  • They took over the American natives and took the wealth for themselves and Spain.

Question 13

Columbian Exchange

Answer 13

Refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus

Question 14

Encomienda

Answer 14

• a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies.
  
  • In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection

Question 15

Haciendas

Answer 15

• System that replaced the encomienda; gave land grants to Spanish nobles to get them to come to the new world
  
  • a huge part of spanish culture, a structure that was created to introduce native americans to catholicism

Question 16

Peninsulares

Answer 16

• Highest social rank in Spain
  
  • Pure born Spaniards

Question 17

Creoles/criollos

Answer 17

• Everyone who was born in the Spanish colonies who was of European descent.
  
  • During the 17th century Spain began to lose power in Europe
  • As a result these criollos were given more and more control over the colonies as Spain no longer sent its own royal officials

Question 18

Protestant Reformation

Answer 18

• Lead by Martin Luther and John Calvin
  
  • The Protestant Revolution was a religious revolution, during the 16th century (1517)
  • Ended the supremacy of the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Churches

Question 19

Repartimiento

Answer 19

• also called mita, or cuatequil, in colonial Spanish America, a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labor
  
  • required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises

Question 20

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 20

• The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was a revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos
  
  • It is the only successful Native uprising against a colonizing power in North America
• Rose up against Spanish conquistadors in the wake of religious persecution, violence, and drought
  
  • The uprising aimed to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land, which had been stripped away by Spanish conquistadors

Question 21

Middle Ground

Answer 21

• A borderland, a place where numerous peoples and cultures coexist.
  
  • All of the early English colonies were middle grounds between English settlers, Native Americans, and other European colonists

Question 22

Patroons

Answer 22

• Patroonship was vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in the early 1600’s
  
  • They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle fifty people on them.
• Failed to bring enough tenants and the colony could not attract a sufficient number of indentured servants to satisfy the colony’s backers

Question 23

Spanish Armada

Answer 23

• “Invincible” group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588
  
  • Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English “sea dogs” in the Channel
• Marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance

Question 24

Tenochtitlan

Answer 24

• The metropolitan capital of the Aztec Empire, with a population of 150,000-200,000 people
• founded by the Aztec or Mexica people around 1325 C.E.
  
  • According to legend, the Mexica founded Tenochtitlan after leaving their homeland of Aztlan at the direction of their god, Huitzilopochtli
• Evolved from a small settlement into the powerful political, economic, and religious center of the greatest empire of Pre Columbian Mexico
  
  • Tenochtitlan was a city of great wealth, obtained through the spoils of tribute from conquered region

Question 25

Factories

Answer 25

portuguese fortified trading posts on the western coast of africa.

Question 26

Cahokia

Answer 26

• An Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis.
  
  • It is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600’s. They also had an

Question 27

Animism

Answer 27

• spiritual beliefs that center around the natural world. Animism discouraged mechanical development.
• due to animism, native Americans saw themselves to be more intelligent than Europeans
  
  • they could find more resources and knew their way around the land better

Question 28

Masterless Men

Answer 28

Men without a place in the hierarchy of england
Unemployed and viewed as a danger to society

Question 29

Christopher Columbus

Answer 29

• Italian explorer and colonizer. While attempting to prove a westward sea route for East Asian trade existed
  
  • Accidentally discovered the Bahamas in October 1492
• The first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba

Question 30

Hernan Cortes

Answer 30

Spaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him

Question 31

Mestizos

Answer 31

People of mixed Indian and European heritage

Question 32

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Answer 32

• 16th century Spanish friar and social reformer.
  
  • Bartolome was the first Spaniard/European to advocate for the rights of the Native Americans in the New World

Question 33

Black Legend

Answer 33

An unfavorable image of Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-Spanish, and especially protestants.

Question 34

New France

Answer 34

• A colony established by the French in Canada, most notably in Quebec in 1608
  
  • New France was the first major settlement of the French in America which would later lead to many wars and battles which played a major role in shaping North America’s history

Question 35

Metis

Answer 35

• Children of marriages between indian women and french traders who sometimes became traders, guides, or interpreters

Question 36

Anglican Church

Answer 36

• Church started by Henry VIII separating from the Catholic Church, making it the official church of England
  
  • Enforced by his daughter Queen Elizabeth, who persecuted Catholics, successfully making the country religiously uniform.

Question 37

Richard Hakluyt

Answer 37

• Minister
• Editor
• Geographer
• Colonizationist
• Propagandist
  
  • Wrote “Discourse Concerning Western Planting” to convince Queen Elizabeth I to participate is colonizing N. America

Question 38

Aztecs

Answer 38

• (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn
  
  • Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region.
  • Worshiped many gods (polytheistic).
    
    • Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky.
    • Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Question 39

Pueblo Bonito

Answer 39

• The most prominent center within the civilization was Pueblo Bonito
  
  • They had the best farming culture in the Southwest. Four Corners

Question 40

Matriarchal

Answer 40

• Power inherited through female lines of authority; councils of sachems

Question 41

Atlantic Islands

Answer 41

• Portuguese place for plantations
  
  • Replaced enslaved Natives w/ enslaved Africans

Question 42

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 42

• A title of the Virgin Mary associated with a celebrated pictorial image housed in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in México City
• Lady of Guadalupe has represented unconditional love and protection
• She represents a symbol of identity and nationalism to the Chicano people

Question 43

Encomienda

Answer 43

• The encomienda system was a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies
  
  • In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection

Question 44

Fort Caroline

Answer 44

• French fort that was used for trading with the natives, until the Spanish burned it down
  
  • Later built St. Augustine (the 1st permanent settlement in the New World) 30 miles way

Question 45

Indentured Servants

Answer 45

A poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training

Question 46

Dutch West India Company

Answer 46

• The Dutch formed the company to search for new sources of wealth and trade opportunities
  
  • They wanted to challenge Portugal and Spain for colonial dominance and become less dependent on them
• It was a multinational corporation used to establish colonies and trade in foreign territories
  
  • In 1621, the Estates-General of the Netherlands founded the Dutch West India Company to develop its American claims, hoping to repeat its success with the Dutch East India Company

Question 47

Roanoke Colony

Answer 47

• An island in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States that was found abandoned without a trace of the colonists
  
  • It was a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement.