Periodic Table (Principles)

Question 1

are arranged in groups and periods according to their
atomic number, electron configuration, and their chemical properties.

Answer 1

chemical elements

Question 2

• indicates the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the chemical element.
• In the neutral state of an atom, the atomic number also equals the number of electrons.
• is fixed for every element. In contrast, the number of neutrons may vary.
• Together, protons and neutrons make up the atomic mass.

Answer 2

atomic number (Z)

Question 3

• are chemical elements that are solid (with the exception of mercury, a liquid) shiny, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
• In the periodic table, metals are grouped together in the middle to the left-hand side

Answer 3

Metals

Question 4

• are chemical elements that lack the characteristic metallic properties and thus appear dull and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• They tend to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density; and exist as solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature and normal pressure.
• In the periodic table, ___________ are grouped together on the right-hand side

Answer 4

Non-metals

Question 5

• are “like a metal”, which means that they conduct heat and electricity moderately well, and possess some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals.
• One known example is silicon which acts as a semiconductor.
• In the periodic table, ____________ are grouped together in the center to the right-hand side

Answer 5

Metalloids

Question 6

• is a common analytic procedure that can be used to distinguish different metal ions depending on the emission spectrum that is produced when the element is introduced into a hot flame.
• When a metal ion solution is held into a flame, heat will excite the valence electrons that emit a certain wavelength (λ) in the visible light spectrum when falling back to their original state.
• Most metal ions, therefore, have a characteristic and known flame color when applied to a flame test.

Answer 6

Flame Test

Question 7

The _________ is the outermost layer of an atom.

Answer 7

valence shell

Question 8

Electrons in this shell are called ______________

Answer 8

valence electrons

Question 9

• The tendency of main group elements atoms to form chemical bonds in a way that each atom
  obtains eight valence electrons is described by the ______________
• Having eight electrons in the valence shell is a particularly stable state with the same electron configuration as a noble gas.

Answer 9

“octet rule”

Question 10

Three exceptions to the octet rule are

Answer 10

hydrogen, lithium and helium

Question 11

________ only needs one additional electron

Answer 11

Hydrogen

Question 12

___________ needs to lose one electron to attain a stable configuration with two electrons.

Answer 12

lithium

Question 13

_____________ has a total of two valence electrons and, with this, in its most stable
form.

Answer 13

Helium