perrisodactyl and artiodactyl

Question 1

monophyletic group, formerly much more diverse, mesaxonic condition, elongate rostrum with molariform teeth, simple stomach, arose in Paleocene in Asia, integrated locomotor and respiratory functions, slim long legs, highly adapted for cursorial movement by increased stride length and rate, grooved ankle joint, nuchal ligament supports the weight of the head, microbial hindgut fermentation in the caecum

Answer 1

order perissodactyla

Question 2

mesaxonic

Answer 2

axis of symmetry through the middle digit

Question 3

highly cursorial, Africa, Middle east and parts of Asia, large thick skull, hypsodont cheek teeth, only 3rd digit bears weight, most species highly social, social hierarchy lead by dominant stallion, complex behavior and vocal communication, fission fusion social system,

Answer 3

order perrisodactyla
family Equidae (horses and Zebras)

Question 4

new world tropics and Malayan Peninsula, stocky build, short flexible proboscis, short and stout limbs, 4 toes on front feet and 3 toes on hind feet, brachyodont cheek teeth

Answer 4

order perrisodactyla
family tapiridae

Question 5

large heavy bodies, short legged, 3 or 4 toes on front feet, 3 toes on hind feet, nasal bones thickened and enlarged to support horn, graviportal limbs, solitary to social, territorial via dung piles, all 5 species endangered

Answer 5

order perrisodactyla
family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)

Question 6

far more diverse than perrisodactyls, include the ruminants, complex recycling of nutrients increases efficiency, food passes slowly, paraxonic, some have a canon bone, limbs have springing ligaments, astragalus with double trochlea restricts lateral movement, long slim limbs, postorbital bar, some have horns with a bone core

Answer 6

order artiodactyla

Question 7

food path in ruminants

Answer 7

mouth to rumen to reticulum to omasum to abomasum

Question 8

cannon bone

Answer 8

fused 3rd and 4th metapodials

Question 9

paraxonic

Answer 9

plane of symmetry through digits 3 and 4, between two toes

Question 10

Old world deserts and South America, distinctive divergence of metapodials, evolved a digitigrade foot posture, long limbs and neck

Answer 10

order artiodactyla
family camelidae (camels)

Question 11

old world distribution, thick bodied with relatively short limbs, long skulls with posterior orbits, large tusk like canines in some

Answer 11

order artiodactyla
family suidae

Question 12

new world, weigh up to 30kg, interlocking upper and lower canines

Answer 12

order artiodactyla
family tayassuidae (peccaries or javelinas)

Question 13

least derived ruminants, tropical Africa and southeast Asia, skull lacks antlers, tusk like upper caninces, ossified plate over sacral vertebrae

Answer 13

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family tragulidae (chevrotains or mouse deer)

Question 14

1 species, entirely north American fossil record, both sexes have horns, annual shed of the external sheath of horns, high crowned cheek teeth, far posterior orbits, among fastest cursorial mammals, with good endurance, evolved for running with enlarged airways, greater lung surface area, greater capillary density, and a higher concentration of hemoglobin

Answer 14

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family antilocapridae (anitlocapra Americana

Question 15

sub Saharan Africa, short horns covered in fur on both sexes, horns never shed, long neck and limbs, valves help pump blood up the neck and a net of capillaries prevents the buildup of excess pressure

Answer 15

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family giraffidae (giraffe and okapi)

Question 16

new world, Europe, Asia, Northwest Africa, all male members have antlers that grow and shed annually, 1 species of females also have antlers, some have short antlers and enlarged canines, antlers grow under hormonal control triggered by changes in day length

Answer 16

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family cervidae (deer, elk, caribou)

Question 17

southern Asia, coarse fur with musk glands on the abdomen, hind limbs longer than forelimbs, lack antlers, have saber like upper canines, extremely agile

Answer 17

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family moschidae (musk deer)

Question 18

Africa, Asia, parts of Europe and north America, horns in males are never branched or shed, some females have horns, horns used for sparring and defense

Answer 18

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family bovidae

Question 19

closely related to cetaceans, huge head, short limbs, massive bodies, amphibious lifestyle, skin glands secrete hipposudoric acid to protect skin from the sun and prevent bacteria, orbits and nostrils dorsal on the skull, enlarged tusk like incisors and canines, bunodont molars

Answer 19

order artiodactyla
suborder ruminantia
family hippopotamidae (hippos)