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Psych/Soc > personality > Flashcards

personality Flashcards

1
Q

life course perspective

A

approach to understanding individuals that examines them from cultural, social factors, as well as big events (child, marriage). It is the belief that big events can be formative to personality

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2
Q

psychoanalytic perspective

A

theory of personality, that it is shaped by unconscious mind. Mental illness or neurosis stems from childhood traumas. Freud champions this view.

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3
Q

libido

A

life drive, the drive for pleasure-seeking behaviours, including avoidance of pain

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4
Q

death drive

A

drive for dangerous or self destructive behaviours

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5
Q

id

A

ruled by the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE: avoid pain, seek pleasure.
Young children function entirely from the id.
largely unconscious, responds to life drive

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6
Q

ego

A

the rational adult

responsible for thinking and planning to control the id and satisfy its desires

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7
Q

superego

A

inhibits the id, influences the ego to strive for higher, moralistic goals
responsible for our moral judgments, strives for perfection

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8
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

posited by Freud
0-1 Oral stage
1-3 Anal stage - if not resolved well, can lead to being overly neat or disorganized
3-6 Phallic stage where you want to connect with opposite sex parent
6-12 Latency stage of dormant sexual feelings
12+ Genital stage where you focus on intimate relationships

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9
Q

Erik Erikson

A

His own psychosocial stages of development:
Trust vs mistrust - infant learns to trust needs are met
Autonomy vs shame - children learn self control
initiative vs guilt - children achieve purpose
industry vs inferiority - children gain competence
identity vs role confusion - teens gain identity
intimacy vs isolation - young adults develop mature relationships
generativity vs stagnation - adults contribute to others/society
integrity vs despair - adults develop wisdom

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10
Q

Freud and Erikson agree that

A

devlopment is in stages

early experiences shape personality

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11
Q

behaviorist theory

A

B. F. Skinner founded behaviorist perspective - actions are the only measure of personality. Furthermore, people begin as blank slates and environment alone (via punishment and rewards) sets their personality (deterministic)
Gives rise to BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

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12
Q

humanistic theory

A

Carl Rogers proposed humanistic perspective - humans driven to actualize their fullest potential (called SELF CONCEPT). Self-actualization (desire to achieve fullest potential) is something accomplished when parents exhibit unconditional support
Opposite of actualization is INCONGRUENCE
Gives rise to HUMANISTIC THERAPY (talk approach)

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13
Q

social cognitive theory (also social learning theory)

A

theory of personality posited by Albert Bandura - personality results from interactions btw behaviour, environment. Contrary to behaviorism which only has reward + punishment, this theory says kids learn through observational learning.
Gives rise to CBT

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14
Q

observational learning

A

learning without reward or punishment, simply imitation of others

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15
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

done by Albert Bandura where kids learned to hit a doll by watching adults do the same

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16
Q

trait perspective

A

Hans Eysenck posited theory of 5 personality traits, which says it is merely a combination of traits that are quite static - don’t ask WHY someone is that way, it’s just describing their actions according to their traits

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17
Q

OCEAN traits

A

these are the big 5 SOURCE TRAITS (deeply ingrained)

whereas SURFACE TRAITS are superficial ones evident from a person’s behavior

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18
Q

cardinal traits

A

rare traits that develop late in life and dominate (such as evangelical zeal)

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19
Q

central traits

A

traits that describe you across different situations

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20
Q

secondary traits

A

traits that are dependent on the situation

21
Q

biological perspective

A

personality is just determined by neurobiological differences. e.g. amygdala size correlates with neuroticism, prefrontal cortex damage causes amoral behaviour

22
Q

behavioural genetics

A

attempts to determine how much of behaviour is owed to environment, vs genes

23
Q

shared environment

A

environment shared by siblings of same family; nonshared/unique environment is unique to each sibling

24
Q

family studies

A

useful to study heritability of trait

25
Q

twin studies

A

MZ, identical twins can be studied

26
Q

adoption studies

A

study heritability vs environment

27
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

physiological need creates aroused state that drives organism to act so as to reduce arousal (e.g. find food to satisfy hunger)
As opposed to INCENTIVE THEORY of motivation to act, which is that external promises (good and bad) induce action

28
Q

Maslow

A

proposed hierarchy of needs: physiological needs > safety > love and belonging > esteem needs > self-actualization

29
Q

components of emotion

A

physiological arousal - such as racing heart
behavioral component - run away
mental/cognitive component - your appraisal/interpretation of situation

30
Q

James Lange

A

posited theory of how you experience emotion: stimulus > physiological response > emotion. Crucially, the physiological arousal CAUSES emotion.

31
Q

Cannon Bard

A

posited theory of emotion. Slightly different: stimulus causes both physiological response and emotion independently

32
Q

Schacter Singer model

A

theory of emotion. Stimulus > physiological response > cognitive interpretation > emotion. Crucially, context plays a role in emotion

33
Q

Optimal Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson)

A

There is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance

34
Q

6 universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

35
Q

types of stressors

A

significant life changes
catastrophes
ambient stressors, e.g. noise pollution
daily irritations

36
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

stimulated in response to stress. Hypothalamus > CRH > pituitary > ACTH > adrenals > cortisol

37
Q

cognitive appraisal of stress 2 parts

A

primary reponse (is it relevant, benign or positive

38
Q

social support

A

one’s perception that they are part of supportive social network, can mitigate stress

39
Q

buffering hypothesis

A

social support protects people from stressful events

40
Q

direct effects hypothesis

A

social support simply makes a healthier person, who then is better at managing stress

41
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

your resistance to stress peaks in the middle-term (you cope resiliently) but in the longterm it plummets to no resistance. Chronic stress leads to: immune suppression, learned helplessness sometimes, high bp

42
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

when our attitudes do not match our actions, we change the attitudes to post hoc justify

43
Q

ego defense mechanisms

A

posited by Freud
A coping method for anxiety that protects the EGO. Includes: suppression, denial, reaction formation (false reaction), projection, displacement, rationalization (of your impulsive behavior), regression, sublimation (channel aggression into constructive act)

44
Q

factors determining motivation

A

instinct
drive (hunger, thirst)
arousal (seeking the ideal amount of stimulation)
needs (includes higher level desires, like ambition)

45
Q

when do attitudes cause actions?

A
  1. when low social influences present
  2. when we examine general patterns rather than specific behaviors (principle of AGGREGATION - an attitude affects behavior only on the macro level, not every tiny action)
  3. when self-reflection strengthens attitudes
  4. and when we only consider highly specific attitudes (not broad like “be good” but narrow like “donate to orphan”)
46
Q

when do actions influence attitudes? (in a post hoc fashion)

A
  1. when we’re role playing, like in stanford prison experiment
  2. when we’ve made a PUBLIC DECLARATION and thus feel social pressure
  3. when there’s JUSTIFICATION OF EFFORT, such as the foot-in-the-door technique
47
Q

castration anxiety

A

posited by Freud, leads to development of superego in boys

48
Q

three components of emotion?

A

behavioural, cognitive, physiological

49
Q

three components of attitude?

A

cognition (our thoughts), affect( our feelings), and behaviour (yes, even our responses, both internal and external)

Psych/Soc (6 decks)

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