Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UBC > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

Thoughts (beliefs, values, expectations)
Feelings (emotions, passions)
Behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the goal of personality psychology?

A

Understand and explain behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do personality researchers study?

A

Human nature
Individual differences
The unique life of a single person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contemporary approaches to studying personality

A

Life history data
Observer-reports
Test data
Self-reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What items does personality inventory (TIPI) measure?

A

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of self-report data

A

A: studying difficult-to-observe behaviours, thoughts and feelings
A: easy to distribute to large groups
D: respondents may not be representative
D: responses may be biased or untruthful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who can do an observer report?

A

Parents, friends, teachers
Trained observers
Untrained observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of observer-report data

A

A: capture spontaneous behaviours
A: avoid bias of self-reports
D: researcher interference
D: rarity of some behaviours
D: observer bias & selective attention
D: time consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of test data

A

Questionnaire tests
Experimental tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of information can be derived from test data?

A

Physiological differences
Perception differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of test data

A

A: measurement of characteristics not easily observable or known to participant
D: must infer that the test measures what you think it measures (validity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you conduct a case study?

A

Life history - interviews, autobiography
Life records - grades, criminal records, work records, social media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of case study?

A

A: rich source
A: allows for studies of rare behaviours
D: observer bias
D: difficult to generalize
D: difficult to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What defines reliability of a measure?

A

Extent to which scores are replicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What defines validity of a measure?

A

Is it measuring what it is supposed to measure?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of good research

A

Open
Strong experimental methods that isolate question of interest
Adequately powered (small effect - big sample, big effect - small sample)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who developed a talking cure?

A

Sigmund Freud & Breuer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was first investigating hysteria?

A

Charcot (neurologist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Freud: Basic Instincts

A

Life - self preservation, sex
Death - aggression, destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Freud: internal drives

A

Biological (Sex & Death)
Internal (Wishes, Fears)
Behaviours, Thoughts, Emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Freud: Levels of consciousness

A

Pre-Conscious (easily retrieved, not currently on one’s mind)
Consciousness (right now)
Unconscious (repressed contents, libido, aggressive instincts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Carl Jung think about unconscious?

A

It’s collective, shared by all humanity and passed down from ancestors
Archetypes (mother = good)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Freud’s structure of personality

A

Id - infancy, all drives and urges, pleasure principle (immediate gratification), illogical thinking
Ego - age 2, reality principle (avoid, redirect, postpone id impulses), logical thinking - strategies for solving problems in acceptable way)
Superego - age 5, internalized values, morality of parents and society, guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, not bound by reality (higher standards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Conflicts produce anxiety, how do reduce it?

A

Defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Repression

A

Traumatic memories pushed out of awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Denial

A

Convincing yourself that a traumatic event didn’t happen or wasn’t traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rationalization

A

Generating acceptable, logical reasons for outcomes that otherwise would not be acceptable

28
Q

Displacement

A

Taking it out on someone else

29
Q

Reaction formation

A

Opposite behaviour displayed
Homophobic? Maybe you’re gay

30
Q

Projection

A

Seeing one’s own unacceptable qualities in others

31
Q

Sublimation

A

Converting unacceptable desire into acceptable behaviour
Aggression - gym

32
Q

Which parts of Freudian theory work?

A

Unconscious influences
Conflicts between desires and societal norms
Childhood influences adulthood
Unconscious representations of self

33
Q

Which parts of Freudian theory don’t work?

A

Unconscious is all about sex
Psychosexual stages

34
Q

Are repressed memories real?

A

Difficult to prove if recovered memory is true
Possible to implant false memories
Many report uncovering memories and improved mental health as a result

35
Q

Subliminal priming

A

Concepts may be perceived and influence us without our even knowing it
Not all of it influences behaviour

36
Q

Erikson’s 8 stages of development

A

Covers full lifespan
Each stage marked by conflict
Failure to resolve conflict leads to fixation, or crisis

37
Q

What is narcissism/grandiose narcissist?

A

Reaction formation defense mechanism
Exaggerated positive self-esteem
Grandiosity, dominance, entitlement, superiority
Excessively positive view of self, negative view of others
Bragging, egotism, superiority, derogation of others, entitlement, privilige
They love watch themselves in the mirror
They think they are extraordinary
Always need to be center of attention
Take credit for accomplishments, blame others for failures
Self-promote on social media
Game-playing styles in relationships
Angry and aggressive response to failure or negative feedback
Little empathy
Critical, controlling, little insight into own motives, behaviour

38
Q

What causes narcissism?

A

Parents setting up unrealistic standards
Excessively criticizing child for failing to meet them
Narcissistic wound = early humiliation experience
Narcissists overcompensate for insecurities by self-aggrandizing

39
Q

Why would a narcissist go to therapy and why is it very difficult to treat?

A

Because of work - not living up to their career expectations
Because of love - devaluation of romantic partners, always need to be center of attention
Will not talk negatively about themselves

40
Q

Who is fragile narcissist?

A

Unhappy, depressed
Critical of others
Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Anxious, envious
Painful feelings of emptiness
Priviliged, entitled
Inadequate, inferior, failure
Can be suicidal
Socially isolated, impaired intimacy

41
Q

What is object relations theory about?

A

Influence of childhood on adulthood relationships
Internalized representations of parents become basis for relating to others

42
Q

Who were 3 researchers that studies attachment?

A

Harlow, Bowlby, Ainsworth
Hazan and Shaver

43
Q

3 attachment styles

A

Secure
Avoidant
Anxious-Ambivalent (Preoccupied)

44
Q

What are motives?

A

Internal states that direct behaviour based on needs, or tension
Can be unconscious

45
Q

Murray’s theory

A

Need is psychological force that guides behaviour
Compulsion to reduce state of tension

46
Q

Needs according to Murray

A

Achievement, Getting attention, Order, Dominance, Aggression, Autonomy, Affiliation/Intimacy, Nurturance, Abasement, Blame-Avoidance, Desire to be taken care of

47
Q

What is Press and Apperception

A

Press = importance of environment, needs only activated in certain contexts
Apperception = process through which we perceive the environment, influenced by needs

48
Q

Thematic Apperception Test reveals…

A

implicit (unconscious) motives
- longer outcomes than explicit motives

49
Q

McClelland & Big 3 motives

A

Achievement
Power
Affiliation (& Intimacy)

50
Q

Achievement

A

Moderate levels of challenge (tough but still succeed)
Desire for performance feedback
Career with some risk and personal responsibility

51
Q

Power

A

Control over others
Argumentative
Risk-taking

52
Q

Intimacy/Affiliation

A

Relationships
McAdams argued for intimacy

53
Q

Humanistic/Phenomenological

A

Rather clinical than research based
Apply motive theory to improve people’s lives
Focus on conscious motives, awareness of needs
Responsibility for own life

54
Q

Phenomenology

A

Subjective reality more important than objective reality

55
Q

Self-Actualization

A

People intrinsically good, strive toward greater health, maturity, autonomy
Growth based rather than need based

56
Q

Emphasis on ego

A

Positive self-regard

57
Q

What are the problems with Maslow’s hieararchy?

A

What people should do, not what they actually do
Inconsistent with scientific understanding of human nature

58
Q

Carl Rogers

A

People intrinsically good
Striving toward self-understanding, acceptance, maturity, autonomy
Emphasis on self/identity
Unconditional positive regard

59
Q

William James - Duality of self

A

Me - object that can be observed
I - agent doing the observing
Self-esteem - global evaluation of one’s self

60
Q

Classification scheme

A

Personal characteristics
Ascribed identities
Social and group identities
Interests/activities
Material possessions
Abstract/Existential

61
Q

Cognitive behavioral markers (18-24 months)

A

Imitation and role-taking
Mirror self-recognition

62
Q

Cognitive behavioral markers (2.5-3 years)

A

Self conscious emotions (shame, guilt, pride)
Evaluating self
Empathy

63
Q

Charles Cooley

A

Self is socially constructed

64
Q

Is it adaptive to have multiple selves?

A

No, lack of integrated core self

65
Q

Definition of self-esteem

A

Evaluation of one’s self as a physical, social, psychological, and moral being
Affective & Cognitive component

66
Q

Measuring self-esteem

A

Self-report
Observer report (?)
Pictorial measures (kids)

67
Q

What happens with self-esteem over lifetime?

A

9-12 high, then lower, after 60-70 getting really low

UBC (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions