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sociology - families & households > perspectives > Flashcards

perspectives Flashcards

1
Q

what does Murdock see the nuclear family as

A

universal institution

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2
Q

what are the 4 functions Murdock sees the nuclear family performing

A

sexual, reproductive, economic, educational

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3
Q

sexual function (Murdock)

A

stable satisfaction of the sex drive with the same partner

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4
Q

reproductive function (Murdock)

A

monogamous couple need to produce children, essential for the survival of mankind

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5
Q

economic function (Murdock)

A

unit of production

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6
Q

educational function (Murdock)

A

primary agency of socialisation

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7
Q

what did Parsons see the nuclear family as

A

integral part of society

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8
Q

what are the 2 basic and irreducible functions of the family (Parsons)

A

primary socialisation of children and stabilisation of adult personalities

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9
Q

primary socialisation of children (Parsons)

A

child could only become social adult by internalising shared norms and values

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10
Q

stabilisation of adult personalities (Parsons)

A

warm bath theory

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11
Q

what type of society is the nuclear family found in (Parsons)

A

industrial

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12
Q

what type of society is the extended family found in (Parsons)

A

preindustrial

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13
Q

why did the extended family begin to give way to the nuclear family (Parsons)

A

because emerging industrial society had different needs from preindustrial society and the family had to adapt these needs

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14
Q

why did the family loose functions (Parsons)

A

preindustrial family was a multifunctional unit. when society industrialises, family not only changes its structure, it also loses many of its functions

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15
Q

what does increase in divorce rate show (Fletcher)

A

shows how people have high expectations of personal relationships and continue to seek better ones

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16
Q

why does Fletcher disagree the family has lost functions

A

family has retained functions and have increased in detail and importance - agencies have improved family functions

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17
Q

what did Young & Willmott research

A

how society develops and modernises over time

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18
Q

3 stages of family development (Young & Willmott)

A

preindustrial society, early industrial society, symmetrical family

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19
Q

preindustrial society (Young & Willmott)

A

unit of economic production, no separation between work and home

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20
Q

early industrial society (Young & Willmott)

A

home and work separated, men go out to work and women perform domestic role

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21
Q

symmetrical family (Young & Willmott)

A

less gender segregation, unit of consumption, joint conjugal roles

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22
Q

functionalism evaluation

A

criticised for idealising family - no reference to alternative households
ignore conflict, class or violence - ignores exploitation of women (feminism)
overlooks negative aspects

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23
Q

marxists view

A

family benefits the bourgeoisie and the economy, but disadvantages proletariat

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24
Q

what does Althusser see as essential

A

reproduction of labour power

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25
Q

why does generations of workers need to be reproduced according to Althusser

A

in order to create the profits on which capitalism depends

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26
Q

who reproduces the next generation according to Althusser

A

family

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27
Q

what does the family act as according to Althusser

A

ideological state apparatus

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28
Q

what are the 2 processes that reproduction of labour power involves, according to Althusser

A

reproduction of ruling class ideology and socialisation of workers

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29
Q

what does the ruling class use family for, according to Althusser

A

to transmit ruling class ideology to maintain control of working class

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30
Q

what started at the same time as capitalism according to Engels

A

exploitation of women

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31
Q

what ensured the supremacy of men, according to Engels

A

passing accumulated private property down the male line became the dominant practice, and marriage, by confining women’s sexual activities

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32
Q

what was women’s main purpose according to Engels

A

produce legitimate heirs and be domestic servants

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33
Q

what occurred post revolution according to Engels

A

family would cease to be an economic unit, children could be cared and educated by state and religion would be weakened

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34
Q

according to Zaretsky, why does nuclear family benefit capitalism

A

because it uses ideological state apparatus to promote capitalist interests

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35
Q

how is using ideological state apparatus to promote capitalist interests achieved by, according to Zaretsky

A

nuclear family being arranged in a hierarchical way
families reproducing and rearing next generation to become next generation of labour power
families and other institutions helping socialise children to accept authority
parents teaching children main route to happiness and status lies in consumerism and acquisition of material possessions

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36
Q

what does Benston say most family relationships benefit

A

capitalism and men

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37
Q

how does family relationships benefit capitalism and men, according to Benston

A

capitalism exploits women
women cushion negative effects of capitalism
family is unit of consumption
women are reserve army of labour

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38
Q

marxist evaluation

A

entirely focused on benefits of economy
assumes males work and females don’t
no explanation for why family flourishes as an institution in non capitalist socities
little explanation of alternative families

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39
Q

what do liberal feminists emphasise

A

cultural norms and values which are reinforced by family and other institutions

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40
Q

why do liberal feminists think the family is sexist

A

because It supports mainstream culture

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41
Q

what do liberal feminists think is possible

A

social change

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42
Q

where does gender inequality stem from, according to Oakley

A

early socialisation into traditional gender roles

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43
Q

what are the 4 main ways in which gender roles are shaped, according to Oakley

A

Childs self concept is affected by manipulation
differences are achieved through canalisation
parents use verbal appellations to imitate adults of same gender
boys and girls are exposed to differentiated activities

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44
Q

what does Oakley say early socialisation produce

A

rigid and inflexible expectations of men and women

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45
Q

what does Wilkinson say has undergone radical change

A

female attitudes towards marriage and family life

46
Q

what do young females no longer prioritise according to Wilkinson

A

marriage and children

47
Q

what do young females prioritise according to Wilkinson

A

career and economic independence

48
Q

what are many females postponing until their careers are established, according to Wilkinson

A

marriage and family life

49
Q

what do marxist feminists say is essential to the success of capitalism

A

exploitation of women

50
Q

according to Ansley, how is capitalism not threatened

A

emotional support provided by the wife as a safety valve for frustration produced in the husband by working in a capitalist society

51
Q

what type of man tends to be healthier and live longer according to Bernard

A

married

52
Q

what do radical feminists say is an area of exploitation of women

A

housework

53
Q

what do radical feminists say exploitation of women is down to

A

domination of men in society

54
Q

why are women disadvantaged according to Firestone

A

biology

55
Q

what is the only effective starting point for securing the elimination of patriarchy, according to Firestone

A

biological equality

56
Q

what has helped to loosen chains of women’s slavery according to Firestone

A

effective birth control because it would give women more control over whether they become pregnant

57
Q

what institution continues to disadvantage women, according to Greer

A

family

58
Q

there is a strong ideology suggesting what type of female role is most important, according to Greer

A

wife

59
Q

what does marriage reinforce, according to Greer

A

patriarchal relations

60
Q

what do wives tend to see as their job in marriage, according to Greer

A

to keep the husband happy

61
Q

how many marriages are indicated by women, according to Greer

A

3/4, leading to a decline in stable married family

62
Q

what is not valued by society according to Greer

A

mothers

63
Q

what do men expect to exercise control over, according to Greer

A

women and expect them to service their needs

64
Q

what is an extension of male heterosexuality according to Greer

A

daughters are likely to experience sexual abuse from male relatives

65
Q

what do difference feminists say you can’t generalise about

A

women’s experiences because women aren’t a single homogeneous group

66
Q

what do difference feminists criticise other feminists for

A

false universality

67
Q

why are feminists too passive

A

play down the ability of individual women to make changes and improve the situation

68
Q

what don’t feminists acknowledge

A

don’t acknowledge power might be shared

69
Q

what do feminists not consider

A

households in society which doesn’t feature men and women partnership

70
Q

what do new right say is best for society

A

traditional nuclear family and values

71
Q

what is new rights opinion on social policy

A

undermine family

72
Q

what are new right concerned about

A

welfare benefits to single mothers

73
Q

what has led to a breakdown in traditional values, according to new right

A

increase in low parent and step families and easier access to divorce

74
Q

what has Britain developed, according to Murray

A

underclass

75
Q

why is the growing size of the underclass a threat to social and economic wellbeing of the country, according to Murray

A

because members are responsible for raising crime rate and benefits paid to them are costly to tax players

76
Q

what is to blame for the growing underclass and why, according to Murray

A

increase in single parenthood because they produce children who are inadequately socialised due to lack of male role model

77
Q

in certain underclass neighbourhoods, what has been undermined, according to Murray

A

traditional values

78
Q

what is a consequence of traditional values being undermined in certain underclass neighbourhoods, according to Murray

A

increasing numbers of children are being raised in a situation where they’re likely to take on underclass values of their parents

79
Q

why is family life in decline, according to Phillips

A

people are no longer willing to participate in traditional family life

80
Q

what are people becoming less willing to accept, according to Phillips

A

demands and responsibilities of being a parent

81
Q

what does Phillip believe about traditional nuclear family

A

it’s the building block of society

82
Q

what has a negative impact on society, according to Phillips

A

family diversity

83
Q

who are infant mortality rates higher for, according to Morgan

A

children living with just their mother

84
Q

according to Morgan, how many people taken into care are from single parent families

A

over 2/3s

85
Q

according to Morgan, what are children in step families more likely to develop

A

behavioural issues and perform less well in school

86
Q

according to Morgan, how many homeless people had experienced family breakdown

A

2/3

87
Q

according to Morgan, who are more likely to run away

A

young males with step parents

88
Q

what is Almond’s view on state policies

A

undermine nuclear family

89
Q

what does laws making divorce easier undermine according to Almond

A

marriage and lifelong commitment

90
Q

what does introduction of civil partnership for gay and lesbian couples suggest, according to Almond

A

state no longer sees heterosexual couples as superior

91
Q

what do tax laws discriminate against according to Almond

A

conventional families with sole breadwinner

92
Q

what makes cohabitation and marriage more similar according to Almond

A

increased rights for unmarried cohabitants

93
Q

what type of sociologist is Murdock

A

functionalist

94
Q

what type of sociologist is Parsons

A

functionalist

95
Q

what type of sociologist is Fletcher

A

functionalist

96
Q

what type of sociologist is Young & Willmott

A

functionalist

97
Q

what type of sociologist is Althusser

A

marxist

98
Q

what type of sociologist is Engels

A

marxist

99
Q

what type of sociologist is Zaretsky

A

marxist

100
Q

what type of sociologist is Benston

A

marxist feminist

101
Q

what type of sociologist is Oakley

A

liberal feminist

102
Q

what type of sociologist is Wilkinson

A

liberal feminist

103
Q

what type of sociologist is Ansley

A

marxist feminist

104
Q

what type of sociologist is Bernard

A

marxist feminist

105
Q

what type of sociologist is Firestone

A

radical feminist

106
Q

what type of sociologist is Greer

A

radical feminist

107
Q

what type of sociologist is Murray

A

new right thinker

108
Q

what type of sociologist is Phillips

A

new right thinker

109
Q

what type of sociologist is Morgan

A

new right thinker

110
Q

what type of sociologist is Almond

A

new right thinker

sociology - families & households (8 decks)

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