Petri Guide

Question 1

What do PGI2, PGE2, and PGD2 do?

Answer 1

Increase: vasodilation, and c-AMP
Decrease:
- Platelet Aggregation 
- Leukocyte aggregation
- IL-1, and IL-2
- T-Cell Proliferation
- Lymphocyte Migration

Question 2

How do PGI2, PGE2, and PGD2 act?

Answer 2

• Adenylyl Cyclase => cAMP => PKA

Question 3

How does PGF2alpha act?

Answer 3

• increases Ca2+ in cytosol

Question 4

What does PGF2 alpha do?

Answer 4

Increase:

• Valodilation
• Bronchocontriction
• Smooth muscles contraction

Question 5

How do Thromboxanes act and what do they do?

Answer 5

Increase:

• Platelete Aggregation
• Vasoconstriction

*Act by increasing Ca2+ in cytosol

Question 6

In general what do leukotrienes do?

Answer 6

• Increase Vascular Permeability
• T-Cell proliferation
• Leukocyte Aggregation
• Bronchoconstriction

Question 7

What are 3 compounds that often cause release of arachidonic acid?

Answer 7

1. Epinephrine
2. Thrombin
3. Angiotensin II

Question 8

What are the structural characteristics of Prostacyclins?

Answer 8

2 rings

Question 9

WHERE DO PROSTACYCLINS COME FROM?

Answer 9

• Vascular Endothelial Cells

* **THUS THEY HAVE ANTI-COAGULANT FUNCTION

Question 10

What is the defining structural characteristic of lipoxins?

Answer 10

3 OH groups

Question 11

What intermediate is formed by COX before it makes PGH2?

Answer 11

PGG2 - this is unstable and peroxygenase portion of COX works on it to make PGH2

Question 12

What enzyme does asprin act on?

Answer 12

COX

Question 13

What do glucocorticoids act on?

Answer 13

• Work in NUCLEUS to increase lipocortin that inhibits Phospholipase A2

Question 14

When is COX1 activated?

Answer 14

ALL the TIME

Question 15

When is COX2 activated?

Answer 15

During infection etc.

Question 16

T or F: NSAIDs can be made to ONLY act on COX1 or COX2.

Answer 16

False, all NSAIDs have crossover effects

Question 17

What is the risk of taking another NSAID with your daily Asprin?

Answer 17

• Asprin is the ONLY NSAID that IRREVERSIBLY acts on COX1 on platelets to prevent TXA2 production
• The OTHER NSAID will prevent Asprin from acetylating COX and this other NSAID will only block COX for as long as its in the blood stream

Question 18

Why does Vioxx increase your chance of a heart attack?

Answer 18

COX1 is left alone for the most part and it has vasocontrictive/ prothrombic PGs

COX2 normally balances COX1 with antithrombic PGs but Vioxx blocks COX2 and COX1 takes over and nothing prevents platlet aggregation

Question 19

Why can NSAIDs trigger an asthma attack?

Answer 19

Asprin will shut off COX action but this shifts everything to Leukotriene synthesis

• More Luekotrienes = bronchioconstriction = asthma attack

Question 20

Coffee ground in feces indicates what?

Answer 20

Upper GI bleed

Question 21

Where is the PKU mutation found?

Answer 21

Chromosome 12

Question 22

What are the relative percentages of patients with the common and private mutations for PKU?
- what are private mutations?

Answer 22

Common: 30-50% of cases
Private: 50-70% of cases

Private: rare allele + common PKU allele = Disease state

Question 23

When should you for sure start treating for PKU?

Answer 23

when Phe > 6mg%

Question 24

What is saproterin used for?

- when is it most likely to work?

Answer 24

• This is just BH4
• Used to Treat PKU
• Has a chance at working on mild PKU and even better chance at working on HPA pateints

Question 25

What 3 things are key to maintaining a proper PKU diet?

Answer 25

• Limit Phe Intake
• ADD Tyrosine that is depleted
• Limit fasting, this leads to proteolysis causing Phe release