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Neuro > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Ester-linked local anesthetics

A

Cocaine, procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine

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2
Q

Amide-linked local anesthetics

A

Lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, articaine

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3
Q

Ester-liked and aside-linked local anesthetics are both ____ excreted

A

Renally

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4
Q

Is highly lipophilic and has a high affinity for cardiac tissue

A

Bupivacaine

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5
Q

Produces intense vasoconstriction

A

Cocaine

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6
Q

_____ or ____ can cause methemoglobinemia

A

Lidocaine or procaine

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7
Q

Coadministration of ________ raises pH of target tissue to more closely match pKa of local anesthetic

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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8
Q

_____ can be used in combination with local anesthetics to increased the duration of action

A

Vasoconstrictors (e.g. epinephrine)

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9
Q

Duration of action of IV anesthetics is determined by distribution to and from the ____

A

Brain

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10
Q

Recovery from a single dose is mediated by distribution of drug out of ____ tissues

A

Brain

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11
Q

Facilitate GABA actions at GABAa receptors

A

Barbiturates

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12
Q

ADRs for barbiturates

A

Respiratory depression, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, bronchospasm, shivering and tremor

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13
Q

Thiopental and methohexital

A

Barbiturates

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14
Q

Three mechanisms of action:
NMDA antagonist
GABAa agonist
Reduced concentration of CNS serotonin

A

Propofol

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15
Q

Diprivan

A

Propofol

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16
Q

ADRs of propofol

A

Hypotension, respiratory depression, apnea, cardiac arrest, sinus bradycardia, hypertriglyceridemia, abuse potential

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17
Q

Used to induce and maintain general anesthesia without analgesia

A

Etomidate

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18
Q

Agonist of GABAa receptor

A

Etomidate

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19
Q

ADRs of etomidate

A

Painful injection, myoclonic muscle contraction, nausea and vomiting, adrenal suppression

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20
Q

Unique features:
Analgesic and anesthetic properties
CV stimulation
Bronchodilator with minimal respiratory depression
Dissociative anesthetic: catatonia, amnesia, analgesia with or without loss of consciousness

A

Ketamine

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21
Q

Used as a pre-anesthetic sedative, anxiolytic and amnesic agent

A

Benzodiazepines

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22
Q

Midazolam

A

Benzodiazepine

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23
Q

Reversal agent of benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

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24
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A

Alpha2 agonist

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25
Q

Common ADRs to anti-epileptic medications

A

Dose dependent: nausea, dizziness, headache, CNS depression
Others: ocular dysfunction, ataxia, weakness, fatigue, behavioral changes, teratogenicity, hyponatremia and rash (common causes of non-adherence)

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26
Q

Drugs that block Na+ channel (6 of them)

A

Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lacosamide, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, lamotrigine

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27
Q

Used to treat focal, focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (blocks Na+ channel)

A

Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine

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28
Q

Used to treat focal, higher doses for focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (block Na+ channel)

A

Lacosamide

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29
Q

Used to treat focal, focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (block Na+ channel)

A

Phenytoin, fosphenytoin

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30
Q

Used to treat focal and absence seizures (blocks Na+ channel)

A

Lamotrigine

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31
Q

Can aggravate absence and myoclonic seizures

A

Carbamazepine

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32
Q

Rare side effect of carbamazepine

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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33
Q

Has severe CNS effects, especially at high doses and in the elderly

A

Oxcarbazepine

34
Q

Contraindicated in absence seizures, strong inducer of CYP enzyme

A

Phenytoin and fosphenytoin

35
Q

With phenytoin, as the dose increases, ____ decreases

A

Clearance

36
Q

Phenytoin ADRs associated with long-term use

A

Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy

37
Q

Rare ADR of phenytoin

A

Agranulocytosis

38
Q

Preferred medication for women of childbearing age

A

Lamotrigine

39
Q

Blocks high-voltage Ca2+ channel

A

Gabapentin, pregabalin

40
Q

Used to treat focal seizures (blocks high-voltage Ca2+ channel)

A

Gabapentin, pregabalin

41
Q

Blocks thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels

A

Ethosuximide

42
Q

Used to treat absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide

43
Q

Contraindicated in absence and myoclonic seizure

A

Gabapentin and pregabalin

44
Q

ADRs associated with gabapentin and pregabalin that may not resolve

A

Weight gain and peripheral edema

45
Q

Blocks AMPA receptors

A

Perampanel

46
Q

Used to treat focal, primary tonic-clonic, idiopathic seizures

A

Perampanel

47
Q

Blocks NMDA receptors

A

Felbamate

48
Q

Used to treat focal, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

A

Felbamate

49
Q

Blocks synaptic vesicle release

A

Levetiracetam

50
Q

Broad spectrum coverage (blcoks synaptic vesicle release)

A

Levetiracetam

51
Q

Associated with behavioral ADRs, falls are common at higher doses

A

Perampanel

52
Q

Associated with aplastic anemia and severe hepatitis

A

Felbamate

53
Q

Broad spectrum includes (focal seizures, tonic-clinic seizures, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy)

A

Levetiracetam

54
Q

First line choice of treatment, especially in elderly population

A

Levetiracetam

55
Q

Inihibits GABA transaminase

A

Vigabatrin

56
Q

Used to treat focal seizures (inhibits GABA transaminase)

A

Vigabatrin

57
Q

Inihibits GAT-1

A

Tiagabine

58
Q

Used to treat focal, secondary generalized seizures (inhibits GAT-1)

A

Tiagabine

59
Q

GABAa potentiator

A

Benzos

60
Q

Used as acute treatment

A

Benzos

61
Q

GABAa potentiator and agonist

A

Barbiturates

62
Q

Used to treat focal, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GABAa potentiator and agonist)

A

Barbiturates

63
Q

May cause irreversible vision loss

A

Vigabatrin

64
Q

Contraindicated in absence seizures and infantile spasms

A

Phenobarbital

65
Q

Benzos used in status epilepticus

A

Diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam

66
Q

Used as first-line treatment in hospital

A

Diazepam

67
Q

Longer half-life than diazepam, preferred to diazepam

A

Lorazepam

68
Q

Used in out-of-hospital settings

A

Midazolam

69
Q

Benzo used to treat absence, atonic, and myoclonic seizures

A

Clonazepam

70
Q

One of the most potent anti-seizure drugs known

A

Clonazepam

71
Q

Benzos that can be used for long-term treatment

A

Clonazepam and clobazam

72
Q

Benzo used to treat atonic seizures

A

Clobazam

73
Q

Blocks Na+ channels, acts at GABAa, AMPA, kainate receptors

A

Topiramate

74
Q

Blocks Na+ and Ca2+ channels, inhibits GAT-1, carbonic anhydride

A

Valproate

75
Q

Broad spectrum drugs with multiple mechanisms of action

A

Topiramate and valproate

76
Q

Also used in migraine prophylaxis

A

Topiramate

77
Q

Teratogenic broad spectrum anti-seizure drug

A

Topiramate

78
Q

ADRs of valproate/valproic acid

A

Alopecia, pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, teratogenicity

79
Q

_____ induces CYPs that metabolize almost every other ASD

A

Carbamazepine

80
Q

A CYP2C19 inhibitor with _____ reduces clearance

A

Phenytoin

Neuro (4 decks)

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