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Pharmacology > Pharm Unit III & IV Exam > Flashcards

Pharm Unit III & IV Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the general action of cardiac glycosides

A

Help controls the ventricle response to atrial fibrillation. They also, have beneficial effects on the failing heart.

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2
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as cardiac glycosides

A

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

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3
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving cardiac glycosides.

A

The nurse should always measure the patients apical pulse rate for one full min. If the pulse is at 60 beats/min or lower, or if its higher than 100 beats/min, withhold the dose and contact the Dr. Immediately. Also, serum drug and potassium levels should be checked frequently.

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4
Q

Describe the general action of anticoagulants

A

Inhibit the action or formation of clotting factors and therefore prevents clots from forming.

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5
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as anticoagulants.

A

Heparin, Warfarin (Coumadin), enoxaparin

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6
Q

Active Partial Thromboplastin time (aPTT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT):

A

Normal Ranges: With heparin therapy, aPPT values should fall between 1.5 and 2.5 times the control or baseline value. Normal control values are
25 to 35 sec, so therapeutic values should then be between approximately 45 and 70 sec.

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7
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

the normal control PT value ranges from 11 to 13 sec; target therapeutic level of anticoagulation is 1.5 times the control alue, or about 18 sec.

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8
Q

International normalized ratio (INR) :

A

Target levels of INR range from 2 to 3 or an average of 2.5. For individuals taking warfarin for treatment of recurring systemic clots or emboli and those with mechanical heart valves, the target INR may be 2.5 to 3.5, with a middle alue of 3.

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9
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving anticoagulants

A

Vital signs, heart sounds, peripheral pulses, and neurologic statuses are routinely monitored in all patients during and immediately after anticoagulant therapy. If there are any changes in pulse rate or rhythm, blood pressure, or level of consciousness, and or unexplained restlessness occurs, contact the Dr. immediately. Pg 449

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10
Q

Warfarin (X)

A

Route: PO

O- 24-72 hrs P= 4 hrs D= 2-5 days

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11
Q

enoxaparin (Lonox) (B)

LMWH

A

Route- Subcut

O= 3-5 hrs P=4-5hrs D=12hrs

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12
Q

Heparin (generic only) (C)

A

Rout- IV, Subcut
O= 20-30min P= 2-4 hrs D= 8-12hrs
IV O= Immediate P= Immediate D=dependant on infusion duration

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13
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as antihistamines

A

Loratadine (Claritin ) B and diphenhydramine (Benadryl) (B)

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14
Q

Secondary Hypertention

A

Caused by another disease, don’t know why. SILENT KILLER!

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15
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving antihistamines

A

Tolerated best when taken with food. Pt’s who experience dry mouth should suck or chew on gum. OTC or prescribed cough or cold meds should not be taken with anihisamines unless approved or ordered by Dr. Vital should be moitored as needed. Elderly and children should be monitored for paradoxical reactions.

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16
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as nasal decongestants. end in - mine

A

. Naphazoline OTC (Privine), azelastine (Rx) ( Astelin, Astepro ), Desoxyephedrine OTC , (Vicks vapor inhaler), ePHEDrine OTC (Adrenalin), oxymetazoline OTC, Also, pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine, are generally used for nasal decongestion.

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17
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving nasal decongestants

A

Encourage fluid intake of up to 3000mL a day, report fever higher then 100.4, cough or other symptoms lasting longer than 4 days .

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18
Q

Describe the general action of antitussives

A

Suppresses the cough center of the brain. Used to treat bothersome dry, hacking, non-productive cough. Will not stop the cough completely but will decreasethe frequency and facilitate rest.

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19
Q

Describe the general action of expectorants

A

. Agents that liquefy mucus by stimulating the secretion of natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands (aids in the production of mucus). Used to treat non-productive coughs, bronchitis and pneumonia.

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20
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as antitussives

A

. Codine, hydrocodine, benzonatate

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21
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving antitussives

A

Drowsiness or dizziness may occur therefore, pt.s are cautioned not to drive or engage in other activities that require mental alertness until pt feel back to normal. Increase fluids, humidification in Pt’s room ,evaluate therapeutic response ; absent of cough. Avoid smoking, smoke filled rooms, dust, perfume etc.

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22
Q

Describe the general action of expectorants

A

Agents that liquefy mucus by stimulating the secretion of natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands (aids in the production of mucus). Used to treat non-productive coughs, bronchitis and pneumonia.

23
Q

MUCOCYTICS

A

Reduces the thickness (viscosity) and stickiness of pulmonary.secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them. Reduces the viscosity
of the respiratory secretions. Used in the treatment of acute and chronic pulmonary
disorders following chest surgery and as part of the treatment of tracheotomy care. Ex; Mucinex

24
Q

Describe the general action of bronchodilators

A

Relaxes the smooth muscle of the tracheo-bronchial tree. Stimulate beta adrenergic receptors which are also found in the muscle of the heart, uterus, GI, Urinary and CNS. Used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Common side effects are tachycardia, tremor, nervousness, heart palpitations and dizziness .

25
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as bronchodilators

A

Albuterol (Proventil, repeat tabs,ventolin, other ) (C) , Ipratropium (Atrovent) (B)

26
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving bronchodilators

A

. Proper method of administration should be shown to the pt and Pt should be able to demonstrate proper use. Wait 1- 2 mins between puffs of same drug. Wait 2-5 mins between puffs of second drug prescribe by Dr.

27
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving expectorants.

A

Pt should avoid alcohol and products containing alcohol, and they should not use these medications for longer than a week. Report fever higher than 104 and cough lasting longer than 4 days

28
Q

Ventilation

A

the movement of the air in and out of the lungs is affected by a
number of complex mechanisms. However, to be effective, air must reach the alveoli.
Any blockage in the respiratory pathway prevents this process from occurring.

29
Q

Vesicular

A

soft, low-pitched sighing over the bronchioles and alveoli base on inspirat

30
Q

Bronchial-

A

Moderate, high-pitched sound over the trachea

31
Q

Bronchovesicular-

A

moderate sound over 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces

32
Q

Tracheal

A

Loudest and highest-pitched or normal breath sounds

33
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as nasal decongestants. end in - mine

A

. Naphazoline OTC (Privine), azelastine (Rx) ( Astelin, Astepro ), Desoxyephedrine OTC , (Vicks vapor inhaler), ePHEDrine OTC (Adrenalin), oxymetazoline OTC, Also, pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine, are generally used for nasal decongestion.

34
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving nasal decongestants

A

Encourage fluid intake of up to 3000mL a day, report fever higher then 100.4, cough or other symptoms lasting longer than 4 days .

35
Q

Describe the general action of antitussives

A

Suppresses the cough center of the brain. Used to treat bothersome dry, hacking, non-productive cough. Will not stop the cough completely but will decreasethe frequency and facilitate rest.

36
Q

Describe the general action of expectorants

A

. Agents that liquefy mucus by stimulating the secretion of natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands (aids in the production of mucus). Used to treat non-productive coughs, bronchitis and pneumonia.

37
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as antitussives

A

. Codine, hydrocodine, benzonatate

38
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving antitussives

A

Drowsiness or dizziness may occur therefore, pt.s are cautioned not to drive or engage in other activities that require mental alertness until pt feel back to normal. Increase fluids, humidification in Pt’s room ,evaluate therapeutic response ; absent of cough. Avoid smoking, smoke filled rooms, dust, perfume etc.

39
Q

Describe the general action of expectorants

A

Agents that liquefy mucus by stimulating the secretion of natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands (aids in the production of mucus). Used to treat non-productive coughs, bronchitis and pneumonia.

40
Q

MUCOCYTICS

A

Reduces the thickness (viscosity) and stickiness of pulmonary.secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them. Reduces the viscosity
of the respiratory secretions. Used in the treatment of acute and chronic pulmonary
disorders following chest surgery and as part of the treatment of tracheotomy care. Ex; Mucinex

41
Q

Describe the general action of bronchodilators

A

Relaxes the smooth muscle of the tracheo-bronchial tree. Stimulate beta adrenergic receptors which are also found in the muscle of the heart, uterus, GI, Urinary and CNS. Used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Common side effects are tachycardia, tremor, nervousness, heart palpitations and dizziness .

42
Q

Identify drugs commonly ordered as bronchodilators

A

Albuterol (Proventil, repeat tabs,ventolin, other ) (C) , Ipratropium (Atrovent) (B)

43
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving bronchodilators

A

. Proper method of administration should be shown to the pt and Pt should be able to demonstrate proper use. Wait 1- 2 mins between puffs of same drug. Wait 2-5 mins between puffs of second drug prescribe by Dr.

44
Q

Discuss the nursing implications for patients receiving expectorants.

A

Pt should avoid alcohol and products containing alcohol, and they should not use these medications for longer than a week. Report fever higher than 104 and cough lasting longer than 4 days

45
Q

NORMAL~BREATH SOUNDS.,

A

Vesicular-soft, low-pitched sighing over the bronchioles and alveoli base on inspiration.
Bronchial- Moderate, high-pitched sound over the trachea.
Bronchovesicular-Moderate sound over 151 and 2nd intercostal spaces.
Tracheal- Loudest and highest-pitched or normal breath sounds
‘–./
‘…./
‘…./

46
Q

Ventilation

A

the movement of the air in and out of the lungs is affected by a
number of complex mechanisms. However, to be effective, air must reach the alveoli.
Any blockage in the respiratory pathway prevents this process from occurring.

47
Q

Vesicular

A

soft, low-pitched sighing over the bronchioles and alveoli base on inspirat

48
Q

Bronchial-

A

Moderate, high-pitched sound over the trachea

49
Q

Bronchovesicular-

A

moderate sound over 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces

50
Q

Tracheal

A

Loudest and highest-pitched or normal breath sounds

51
Q

Signs and symptoms of HYPERventilation

A

Tachycardia, chest pain, SOB, dizziness, lightheadedness, disorientation, paresthesia, numbness, tinnitus, blurred ision, tetany

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of HYPOventilation

A

Dizziness, headache, lethargy, disorientation, convulsions, coma, decreased ability to follow instruction, cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte imbalance, cardia arrest

53
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypoxia

A

Restlessness, anxiety, disoriention,decreased concentration, fatigue,decreased consiousness, dizziness, behavioral changes, pallor, increased pulse and blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, cyanosis, clubbing, dyspnea

54
Q

Heparin Sodium

A

Pareneral coagulant given Sub cut IV. prevents platelets from stcking to artieries . slows or inhibits clot formation.

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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