pharma Flashcards
unintended and undesired effect which occurs at a normal dose. most at risk are the young, elderly, patients who are very ill or on more than one medication
adverse drug reactions
an immune response to a drug. may cause anaphylaxis which is an emergency situation
allergy reaction
potential for drug induced cancer
carcinogenic effect
any chemical that can affect living process
drug
an unavoidable secondary drug effect result at a therapeutic dose
side effects
safe, effective drugs that have few to no side effects
therapeutic drugs
lead agent in a drug class (family) the blueprint or first pure compound form of the drug that is used to make others or alternative forms of the drug
drugs prototype
adipose tissue, bone (heavy metals), muscle (specific muscle binding drugs that have an action at the muscles) or organs (liver and kidney)
drug storage site
the amount needed to produce a therapeutic effect
effective dose
liver failure caused by drug ingestion
hepatotoxic
how drugs are introduced into the body. can be enteral, parenteral, topical, transdermal, inhalation
route of administration
the study of how drugs move through the body
(AD)
Absorption
Distribution
pharmacokinetics
what the body does to a drug
when the drug resembles the effects of the endogenous molecules - increase the activity of the body system
agonist
when the drug produces effects by decreasing action of the endogenous molecules at receptors reversibly or irreversibly - concentration of drug at the site of action decide the effect of the drug
antagonist
inhabit or enhance the action of specific enzymes
enzyme interactions
drug disturbs with the development of the fetus during pregnancy leading to cognitive malformations or birth defects
teratogenic effect
drugs that physically interfere with or chemically alters cellular structure or process
non selective interaction
effects of the drug on the body
(ME)
metabolism
excretion
pharmacodynamics
what a drug does to the body
enteral administration
oral, sublingual, rectal
parenteral administration
inhalation, injections, transdermal
injections categories - intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra arterial, intra articular, intrathecal, intradermal
local administration
skin topical, intranasal, ocular drops, mucosal (throat, vagina, ear, mouth, anal)
eternal: oral administration
most common route, safe, convenient, slow absorption - cant be used with vomiting. food drug interaction, first pass effect
eternal: sublingual administration
tablet or pelllet is places under the tongue or crushed in the mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa - quick absorption, may be bitter taste, first pass avoidance
rectal administration
suppository where the drug is mixed with waxy substance that liquifies after insertion - used in children with little or no first pass effect, its better in vomiting or unconsciousness, with high concentration and rapid action - inconvenient and may cause irritation or inflammation of rectal mucosa
parenteral administration
most high bioavailability, with rapid emergency action, suitable for vomiting and unconsciousness, irritant and bad taste, no gastric irritation, no food drug interactions - must be sterilized to avoid infection, painful, may cause anaphylaxis, expensive
metabolism of drug in the gut wall or portal circulation before reaching systemic circulation
first pass metabolism
name of drug, dosage, route, time of administration, signature
rx
otc - colds, headaches, constipation, diarrhea, upset stomach, safe when used as directed, potentially harmful, read the label
nonprescription drugs
