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Pharmacology > Pharmaceutical Classifications > Flashcards

Pharmaceutical Classifications Flashcards

0
Q

alpha adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): indications

A

alpha-adrenergic agonists used to treat hypotension

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1
Q

adrenergics: action

A

mimic naturally occurring catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine) or stimulate the release of noreadrenaline

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2
Q

alpha adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): common drug examples

A

noradrenaline [Lovophed]; pseudoephedrine [Cenafed, Dimetapp, Sudafed, Triaminic DM] and OTC used to treat other conditions

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3
Q

alpha adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): adverse reactions

A

increased blood pressure; AV block; other effects include nausea, vomiting, sweating, goosebumps, rebound miosis, difficulty in urinating, headache, dilated pupils, and photophobia; burning, stinging, and blurry eyes

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4
Q

beta 1 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): indications

A

bradycardia; low cardiac output; paroxysmal atrial or nodal tachycardia; ventricular fibrillation; cardiac output

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5
Q

beta 1 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): common drug examples

A

dobutamine hydrochloride [Dobutrex]

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6
Q

beta 1 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): adverse reactions

A

tachycardia, palpitations, and other arrhythmias; premature and ventricular contractions; tachyarrhythmias; myocardial necrosis

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7
Q

beta 2 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): indications

A

acute and chronic bronchial asthma; emphysema; bronchitis, acute hypersensitive (allergic) reaction to drugs; delays delivery in premature labor; dysmenorrhea

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8
Q

beta 2 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): common drug examples

A

albuterol sulfate [Proventil, Ventolin, Volmax]; bitolterol mesylate [Tornalate]; metaproterenol sulfate [Alupent]; pirbuterol acetate [Maxair]; salmeterol xinafoate [Severent]; terbutaline [Brethine, Bricanyl]

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9
Q

beta 2 adrenergic agonists (adrenergics): adverse reactions

A

nervousness; tremors; headaches; tachycardia; palpitations; hypertension; nausea; vomiting; cough

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10
Q

dopamine (adrenergics): indications

A

improves blood flow to the kidneys; used in acute renal failure, heart failure, and shock

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11
Q

dopamine (adrenergics): common drug examples

A

dopamine hydrochloride [Intropin]

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12
Q

dopamine (adrenergics): adverse reactions

A

headaches; ectopic beats; tachycardia; hypotension; bradycardia; nausea; vomiting; hyperglycaemia; asthma attacks; anaphylactic reactions

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13
Q

glucocorticoids (adrenocorticoids): action

A

regulate carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; block inflammation; regulate body’s immune response

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14
Q

glucocorticoids (adrenocorticoids): indications

A

asthma; advance pulmonary tuberculosis; pericarditis; acute and chronic inflammation; adrenal insufficiency; antenatal use in preterm labor; hypercalcaemia; cerebral oedema; acute SCI, MS, and shock

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15
Q

glucocorticoids (adrenocorticoids): common drug examples

A

betamethasone [Beclovent, QVAR, Vanceril]; hydrocortisone [Cortet, Hycort]; methylprednisone [Medrol, Meprolone, Metacort]; prednisone [Apo-prednisone, Deltasone, Meticort, Orasone, Sterapred]; triamcinolone [Azmacort, Nasacort]

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16
Q

glucocorticoids (adrenocorticoids): adverse reactions

A

primarily a catabolic effect on muscle, bone, ligament, and tendon; suppression of hypothalamlic-pituitary-adrenal pathway; Cushingoid syndrome with long-term use; other effects include euphoria, insomnia, psychotic behaviour, pseudotumor, mental changes, nervousness, restlessness, heart failure, hypertension, oedema, acute tendon ruptures, delayed wound healing

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17
Q

glucocorticoids (adrenocorticoids): withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly

A

fever; myalgias; arthralgias; malaise; nausea; orthostatic hypotension; dizziness; fainting; dyspnea; hypoglycaemia

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18
Q

mineralocorticoid (adrenocorticoids): action

A

regulates electrolyte homeostasis

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19
Q

mineralocorticoid (adrenocorticoids): indications

A

adrenal insufficiency; orthostatic hypotension in diabetes

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20
Q

mineralocorticoid (adrenocorticoids): common drug examples

A

fludocortisone acetate [Florinef]

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21
Q

mineralocorticoid (adrenocorticoids): adverse reactions

A

salt and water retention; hypertension; cardiac hypertrophy; oedema; heart failure; bruising; diaphoresis; urticaria; allergic rash; hypokalaemia

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22
Q

adrenocorticoids: note

A

all adrenocorticoid drugs have both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid properties to some extent

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23
Q

alpha adrenergic blockers: action

A

lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels; reduces peripheral resistance

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24
Q

alpha adrenergic blockers: indications

A

Raynaud’s disease; acrocyanosis; frostbite; phlebitis; diabetic gangrene; hypertension; benign prostatic hyperplasia

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25
Q

alpha adrenergic blockers: common drug examples

A

doxazosin mesylate [Cardura]; prozosin hydrochloride [Minipress]; tamsulosin hydrochloride [Flomax]; terazosin hydrochloride [Hytrin]

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26
Q

alpha adrenergic blockers: adverse reactions

A

orthostatic hypotension; headache; palpitations; fatigue; nausea; weakness; dizziness; fainting

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27
Q

aminoglycosides: indications

A

treat infections resistant to penicillin; septicaemia; urinary tract infections; infections of skin, soft tissue, and bone; gram-negative bacillary meningitis

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28
Q

aminoglycosides: common drug examples

A

amikacin sulfate [Amikin]; gentamicin [Cidonycin, Gentasol]; neomycin sulfate [Mycifradin]

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29
Q

aminoglycosides: adverse reactions

A

systemic ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity; skeletal weakness; respiratory distress; oral meds can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea; local injections can cause phlebitis and abscess

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30
Q

androgens: action

A

testosterone used to promote maturation of male sex organs and development of secondary sex characteristics; promotes retention of calcium, nitrogen, phosphorous, sodium, and potassium; enhances anabolism

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31
Q

androgens: indications

A

androgen deficiency resulting from testicular failure or deficiency of pituitary origin; palliative for metastatic breast cancer; postpartum breast engorgement; hereditary angioedema; endometriosis; fibrocystic breast disease

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32
Q

androgens: common drug examples

A

danazol [Cyclomen, Danocrine]; fluoxymesterone [Halotestin]; testosterone [Testipel pellets]

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33
Q

androgens: adverse reactions (extensions of hormonal action)

A

males: frequent and prolonged erections, bladder irritability, and gynecomastia; females: clitoral enlargement, deepening of the voice, facial or body hair growth, unusual hair loss, and irregular or absent menses

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34
Q

androgens: metabolic reactions

A

fluid and electrolyte retention; hypercalcaemia; decreased blod glucose level; increased serum cholesterol; hepatic dysfunction

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35
Q

androgens: contraindicated

A

men with breast or prostatic cancer or symptomatic prostate hypertrophy; patients with severe cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease; undiagnosed genital bleeding

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36
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: indications

A

treat high blood pressure and heart failure

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37
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: common drug examples

A

benazepril hydrochloride [Lotensin]; captopril [Capoten]; enalapril [Vasotec]; fosinopril sodium [Monopril]; lisinopril [Prinvil, Zestril]

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38
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: adverse reactions

A

persistent dry cough; skin rash; loss of taste; weakness; headaches; palpitations; fatigue; proteinuria; hyperkalaemia

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39
Q

angiotensin II receptor antagonists: action

A

vasodilates arterioles by blocking the effects of angiotensin II; enhance renal clearance of sodium and water

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40
Q

angiotensin II receptor antagonists: indications

A

treatment of high blood pressure

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41
Q

angiotensin II receptor antagonists: common drug examples

A

candesartan cilexetil [Atacand]; eprosartan mesylate [Teveten]; irbesartan [Avapro]; losartan potassium [Cozaar]; telmisartan [Micardis]; valsartan [Diovan]

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42
Q

angiotensin II receptor antagonists: adverse reactions

A

dizziness; anxiety; confusion; cough; upper respiratory infections; myalgia; insomnia; hypotension; visual changes; GI/GU effects

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43
Q

anticholinergics: indications

A

spastic conditions including Parkinson’s disease, muscle dystonia, muscle rigidity, and extra pyramidal disorders; prevent nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, adjunctive treatment for peptic ulcers and other GI disorders, bronchospasms, and GU tract disorders; treat poisoning from certain plants and pesticides; use preoperatively to decrease secretions and block cardiac reflexes

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44
Q

anticholinergics: common drug examples (antiparkinsonians)

A

antiparkinsonians: benztropine mesylate [Cogentin]; belladonna alkaloids: scopolamine hydrobromide [IsoptoHyoscine, Scopace]; synthetic quaternary anticholinergics: glycopyrrolate [Robinul]; tertiary synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives: dicyclomine hydrochloride [Antispas, A-spas, Dibent, Dilomine, Lomine, Ortyl]

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45
Q

anticholinergics: adverse reactions

A

dry mouth; decreased sweating; headache; dilated pupils; blurred vision; dry skin; urinary hesitancy and urinary retention; constipation; palpitations and tachycardia; other peripheral effects include dry mucous membranes, dysphasia, stupor, seizures, hyperthermia, hypertension, and increased respiration

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46
Q

anticholinergics: adverse reactions (toxic doses)

A

may cause disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, agitation, and restlessness

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47
Q

anticoagulants: indications

A

prevent clot formation in patients with DVTa and pulmonary embolism; provide anticoagulation during haemodialysis; prevention of postoperative clot formation after surgery; decrease risk of strokes; decrease risk of MI in patients with atherosclerosis

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48
Q

anticoagulants: common drug examples

A

danaparoid [Orgaran]; delteparin [Fragmin]; enoxaparin [Lovenox]; Heparin [Heparin Lock Flush, Hep-lock]; tinzaparin [Innohep]

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49
Q

anticoagulants: adverse reactions

A

insomnia; headache; dizziness; confusion; peripheral oedema; nausea; constipation; pain; fever; vomiting; joint pain; rash

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50
Q

antihistamines: indications

A

allergies; pruritis; vertigo; nausea and vomiting; sedation; suppression of cough; dyskinesia

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51
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (allergies)

A

azelastine hydrochloride [Astelin, Optivar]; chlopheniramine maleate [Aller-Chlor, Chlor-Trimeton, Chlor-Tripolon]; clemastine fumarate [Tavist]; diphenhydramine hydrochloride [Allergy DM, Benadryl, Diphen, Dormin, Midol PM, Nytol, Sominex, Twilite]; promethazine hydrochloride [Anergan 50, Phenergan]

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52
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (pruritis)

A

cyproheptadine hydrochloride [Periactin]; hydroxyzine hydrochloride [Anxanil, Atarax, Multipax, Quiess, Vistacon]

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53
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (vertigo, nausea, vomiting)

A

cyclizine hydrochloride [Marezine]; cyclizine lactate [Marezine, Marzine]; dimenhydrinate [Dimetab, Hydrate, Triptone]; meclizine hydrochloride [Antivert, Antrizine, Bonine, Vergon]; promethazine hydrochloride [Anergan, Phenergan]

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54
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (sedation)

A

diphenhydramine [Diphenhydramine syrup]

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55
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (cough suppression)

A

diphenhydramine [Diphenhydramine syrup]

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56
Q

antihistamines: common drug examples (dyskinesia)

A

diphenhydramine

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57
Q

antihistamines: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness and impaired motor function; anticholinergic action will cause dry mouth and throat, blurred vision, and constipation

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58
Q

antihistamines: adverse reactions (toxic effects)

A

sedation; reduced mental alertness; apnea; cardiovascular collapse; hallucinations; tremors; seizures; dry mouth; flushed skin; fixed, dilated pupils; reverse when drug is withdrawn

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59
Q

anxiolytic skeletal muscle relaxant: indications

A

anxiety; muscle spasm; tetanus; acute alcohol withdrawal; adjunct for epilepsy

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60
Q

anxiolytic skeletal muscle relaxant: common drug examples

A

diazepam [Apo-Diazepam, Valium]

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61
Q

anxiolytic skeletal muscle relaxant: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness; slurred speech; tremor; fatigue; ataxia; headache; insomnia; hypotension; bradycardia; nausea; constipation; joint pain; physical or psychological dependence

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62
Q

barbiturates: indications

A

seizure disorders (tonic-clonic and partial seizures); sedation; hypnosis; preanaesthesia sedation; psychiatric use

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63
Q

barbiturates: common drug examples

A

amobarbital [Amytal]; phenobarbital [Bellatal, Solfoton]; primidone [Mysoline]; secobarbital sodium [Seconal]

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64
Q

barbiturates: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness; lethargy; vertigo; headaches and CNS depression; hypersensitivity can occur (rash, fever)

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65
Q

barbiturates: adverse reactions (after hypnosis)

A

hangover effect; impaired judgement; mood distortion; rebound insomnia

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66
Q

barbiturates: adverse reactions (geriatric patients)

A

confusion

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67
Q

barbiturates: adverse reactions (paediatrics)

A

hyperactivity

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68
Q

benzodiazepines: action

A

enhance/facilitate actions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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69
Q

benzodiazepines: indications

A

seizure disorders; anticonvulsants; anxiety; tension and insomnia; surgical adjuncts for conscious sedation or amnesia; skeletal muscle spasms or tremors; delirium; schizophrenia as an adjunct; nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy; neonatal opiate withdrawal

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70
Q

benzodiazepines: common drug examples

A

alprazolam [Alprazolam, Xanax]; chlordiazepoxide [Libritab]; clonazepam [Klonopin, Rivotril]; clorazepate dipotassium [Catapres, Dixarit]; diazepam [Valium, Zetran]; estazolam [ProSom]; flurazepam [Apo-Flurazepam, Dalmane]; lorazepam [Apo-Lorazepam, Ativan]; midazolam [Versed]; oxazepam [Apo-Oxazepam, Serax]; temazepam [Restoril]; triazolam [Halcion]

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71
Q

benzodiazepines: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness and impaired motor function; constipation; diarrhoea; vomiting; changes in appetite; urinary alterations; nightmares; hallucinations; insomnia

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72
Q

benzodiazepines: adverse reactions (toxic effects)

A

visual disturbances; short-term memory loss; vertigo; confusion; severe depression; shakiness; slurred speech; staggering; bradycardia; difficulty breathing

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73
Q

beta blockers: action

A

reduce the workload of the heart by blocking the sympathetic conductance at the beta receptors on the SA node and myocardial cells, thus decreasing the force of contraction and causing a reduction in heart rate

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74
Q

beta blockers: indications

A

hypertension; angina; arrhythmias; glaucoma; myocardial infarction; migraine prophylaxis

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75
Q

beta blockers: common drug examples (beta 1 blockers)

A

acebutolol [Sectral]; atenolol [Tenormin]; betaxolol hydrochloride [Betoptic, Kerlone]; bisoprolol fumarate [Zebeta]; esmolol [Brevibloc]; metoprolol tartrate [Lopressor]

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76
Q

beta blockers: common drug examples (beta 1 & 2 blockers)

A

carteolol [Cartrol, Ocupress]; carvedilol [Coreg]; labetalol hydrochloride [Normodyne, Trandate]; levobunolol hydrochloride [AKBeta, Betagen]; metipranolol hydrochloride [Opti Pranolol]; nadolol [Corgard]; pindolol [Visken]; propranolol [Inderal]; sotalol [Betapace]; timolol maleate [Blocarden, Timoptic]

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77
Q

beta blockers: adverse reactions

A

insomnia; nausea; fatigue; slow pulse; weakness; increased cholesterol and blood glucose levels; bradycardia; depression; hallucinations; sexual dysfunctions; skin hyperpigmentation

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78
Q

beta blockers: adverse reactions (toxic effects)

A

severe hypotension; bradycardia; heart failure; bronchospasms

79
Q

bile acid sequestrants: indications

A

lowering cholesterol

80
Q

bile acid sequestrants: common drug examples

A

cholestyramine [Locholest, Prevalite, Questran]; colesevelam [Welchol]; colestipol [Colestid]

81
Q

bile acid sequestrants: adverse reactions

A

headache; anxiety; vertigo; dizziness; insomnia; fatigue; syncope; tinnitus; constipation; nausea; vomiting; anaemia; muscle and joint pain

82
Q

calcium channel blockers: action

A

relaxes smooth muscle to provide vasodilation and affects cardiac muscle to reduce HR and SV

83
Q

calcium channel blockers: indications

A

angina; arrhythmias; hypertension; migraine; headaches; peripheral vascular disorders; subarachnoid haemorrhage; oesophageal spasm (adjunctive therapy)

84
Q

calcium channel blockers: common drug examples

A

amlodipine besylate [Norvasc]; bepridil hydrochloride [Vascor]; diltiazem hydrochloride [Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac]; felodipine [Plendil]; isradipine [DynaCirc]; nicardipine [Cardene]; nifedipine [Procardial]; nimodipine [Nimotop]; nisoldipine [Sular]; verapamil hydrochloride [Calan, Isoptin, Verelan]

85
Q

calcium channel blockers: adverse reactions

A

bradycardia; hypotension; fluid retention; palpitations; headaches from vasodilation; flushes; rash; dizziness; verapamil can cause constipation; nifedipine can cause hypotension, reflex tachycardia, peripheral oedema, flushing, light-headedness, and headache; diltiazem can cause anorexia, nausea, heart block, bradycardia, heart failure, and peripheral oedema

86
Q

cephalosporin: action

A

antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall synthesis, causing bacterial cell death

87
Q

cephalosporin: indications

A

serious infections of the lungs, skin, soft tissue, bones, joints, urinary tract, blood (septicaemia), abdomen, and heart (endocarditis); second and third generation drugs can treat CNS infections (meningitis), Lyme disease

88
Q

cephalosporin: common drug examples (first generation)

A

cefadroxil [Duricef]; cefazolin sodium [Anvef, Defzol]; cephalexin monohydrate [Biocef, Keflex, Novo-Lexin]; cephradine [Keftab]

89
Q

cephalosporin: common drug examples (second generation)

A

cefaclor [Ceclor]; cefamandole [Mandol]; cefotetan disodium [Cefotan]; cefprozil [Cefzil]; cefuroxime axetil [Ceftin]; cefuroxime solution [Kefurox, Zinacef]

90
Q

cephalosporin: common drug examples (third generation)

A

cefdinir [Omnicef]; cefditoren [Spectracef]; cefixime [Suprax]; cefoperazone sodium [Cefobid]; cefotaxime sodium [Claforan]; cefpodoxime proxetil [Vantin]; ceftazidime [Ceptaz, Fortaz, Taxicef, Taxidime]; ceftizoxime sodium [Cefizox]; ceftriaxone sodium [Rocephin]

91
Q

cephalosporin: common drug examples (fourth generation)

A

cefepime hydrochloride [Maxipime]

92
Q

cephalosporin: adverse reactions

A

mild rash; fever; fatal anaphylaxis (hypersensitivity); thrombocytopenia; transient neutropenia; reversible leucopenia; other effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, glossitis, dyspepsia; local venous pain and irritation are common at injection site

93
Q

diuretics (loop): action

A

increase the excretion of sodium and water; control high blood pressure and fluid retention

94
Q

diuretics (loop): indications

A

oedema associated with heart failure; hypertension; renal impairment; hypertensive crisis

95
Q

diuretics (loop): common drug examples

A

bumetanide [Bumex]; ethacrynic acid [Endecrin]; furosemide [Lasix]; torsemide [Demadex]

96
Q

diuretics (loop): adverse reactions

A

metabolic and electrolyte disturbances; hydrochloraemic alkalosis; hyperglycaemia; hyperuricaemia; hypomagnesaemia; may cause hearing loss and tinnitus

97
Q

diuretics (potassium-sparing): action

A

less potent than other types; protects against potassium loss

98
Q

diuretics (potassium-sparing): indications

A

oedema associated with hepatic cirrhosis; nephritic syndrome; heart failure; hypertension; primary hyperadosteronism

99
Q

diuretics (potassium-sparing): common drug examples

A

amiloride hydrochloride [Midamor]; spironolactone [Aldactone]; triamterene [Dyrenium]

100
Q

diuretics (potassium-sparing): adverse reactions

A

hyperkalaemia leading to arrhythmias; nausea; vomiting; headaches; weakness; fatigue; bowel disturbances; cough and dyspnea

101
Q

diuretics (thiazide): indications

A

oedema caused by heart failure and nephritic syndromes; oedema caused by pregnancy, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus

102
Q

diuretics (thiazide): common drug examples

A

bendroflumethiazide [Naturetin]; chlorothiazide [Diuril]; chlorthalidone [Hygroton]; hydrochlorothiazide [Esidrix, HydroDiuril, Microzide, Oretic]; hydroflumethiazide [Diucardin]; indapamide [Lozol]; methychothiazide [Aquatensen, Enduron]; metolazone [Mykrox, Zaroxolyn]; trichlormethiazide [Diurese, Metahydron, Naqua]

103
Q

diuretics (thiazide): adverse reactions

A

electrolyte and metabolic disturbances; hypochloraemic alkalosis; hypomagnesaemia; hyponatraemia; hypercalcaemia; hyperuricaemia; elevated cholesterol levels; hyperglycaemia; lethargy (overdose can progress to coma)

104
Q

oestrogens: indications

A

menopause; carcinoma of the prostate; cardiovascular risk prevention; prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis; contraception; some drugs are used in treatment of breast cancer (must be carefully selected patients and drugs)

105
Q

oestrogens: common drug examples

A

dienestrol [Orthodienestrol vaginal cream]; esterified oestrogen [Estrab, Menest]; estradiol [Alora, Climara, Esclim, Estrace, Estraderm, Estring, Fem Patch, Vivelle]; estradiol cypionate [Depo-Estradiol Cypionate, DepGynogen, DepoGen]; estradiol valerate [Delestrogen, Gynogen LA 20, Valergen 20, Valergen 40]; ethinyl estradiol [Estinyl]; estropipate [Ogen, Ortho-Est]

106
Q

oestrogens: adverse reactions

A

menstrual bleeding; abdominal cramps; swollen feet or ankles; bloated sensation; breast swelling and tenderness; weight gain; nausea; loss of appetite; headaches; photosensitivity and loss of libido; long-term use can cause hypertension and thromboembolic disease

107
Q

fluoroquinolones: action

A

antibacterial agent used against aerobic gram-positive and gran-negative organisms

108
Q

fluoroquinolones: indications

A

bone and joint infections; bacterial bronchitis; endocervical and urethral chlamydia; bacterial gastroenteritis; endocervical and urethral gonorrhoea; intra-abdominal infections; empiric therapy for febrile neutropenia; pelvic inflammatory disease; bacterial pneumonia; bacterial prostatitis; acute sinusitis; skin and soft tissue infections; typhoid fever; bacterial urinary tract infections; chancroid; meningococcal carriers; bacterial septicaemia; prophylaxis in prevention of bacterial urinary tract infections

109
Q

fluoroquinolones: common drug examples

A

ciprofloxacin [Ciloxan]; esylaye/alatrofloxacin mesylate [Trovan IV]; gatifloxacin [Tequin]; levofloxacin [Quixin]; lomefloxacin hydrochloride [Maxaquin]; moxifloxacin hydrochloride [Avelox]; norfloxacin [Chinroxin]; ofloxacin [Floxin, Ocuflox]; sparfloxacin [Zagam]; trovafloxacin [Trovan]

110
Q

fluoroquinolones: adverse reactions

A

rarely seen; acute stimulation of the CNS causes acute psychosis, agitation, hallucinations and tremors; hepatotoxicity; tendonitis or tendon rupture; other effects include dizziness, headache, nervousness, drowsiness, insomnia, GI reactions, and photosensitivity

111
Q

histamine receptor antagonists: indications

A

duodenal ulcer; gastric ulcer; hypersecretory states; acid reflux; oesophagitis; stress ulcer prophylaxis

112
Q

histamine receptor antagonists: common drug examples

A

cimetidine [Tagemet]; famotidine [Pepcid, Pepcid AC]; nizatidine [Apo-Nizatidine, Axid]; ranitidine [Zantac]; rantidine [Bismuth Citrate]

113
Q

histamine receptor antagonists: adverse reactions

A

mild transient diarrhoea; neutropenia; dizziness; fatigue; arrhythmias; gynecomastia

114
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: indications

A

hypercholesterol; mixed dyslipidaemia; secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (except atorvastatin)

115
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: common drug examples

A

atorvastatin [Lipitor]; fluvastatin sodium [Lescol, Lescol XL]; lovastatin [Mevacor]; pravastatin sodium [Pravachol]; simvastatin [Zocor]

116
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: adverse reactions

A

photosensitivity; hepatotoxicity; GI complaints; myopathy (usually muscle aches and weakness); insomnia

117
Q

leukotriene receptors: indications

A

asthma

118
Q

leukotriene receptors: common drug examples

A

montelukast sodium [Singulair]; zafirlukast [Accolate]; zileuton [Zyflo]

119
Q

leukotriene receptors: adverse reactions

A

headache; dizziness; fatigue; fever; dyspepsia; asthenia; abdominal pain; cough; influenza; pain

120
Q

nitrates: indications

A

angina pectoris; acute myocardial infarction; hypertensive emergencies; heart failure; pulmonary oedema associated with MI

121
Q

nitrates: common drug examples

A

isosorbide dinitrate [Apo-ISDN, Coronex, Isoril, Novosorbide, Sorbitrate]; isosorbide mononitrate [Imdur, ISMO, Isotrate ER, Monoket]; nitroglycerin [Nitro-Bid, Nitrogly, Nitrong, Nitrostat, Nitrolingual]

122
Q

nitrates: adverse reactions

A

headaches; orthostatic hypotension; dizziness; weakness and transient flushing; nausea; vomiting; restlessness; pallor; cold sweats; tachycardia; syncope or CV collapse can occur

123
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs): action

A

analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic

124
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs): indications

A

pain, inflammation, and fever; rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, and osteoarthritis; low-intensity headaches, arthralgia, myalgia, neuralgia, and mild to moderate pain from dental or surgical procedures or dysmenorrhea

125
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs): common drug examples (OTC and prescription)

A

acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) [Aspirin]; celecoxib [Celebrex]; diclofenac sodium [Voltaren]; diflunisal [Dolobid]; etodolac [Lodine]; fenoprofen calcium [Nalfon]; ibuprofen [Advil, Medipren, Motrin, Nuprin, Rufen, Trendar]; indomethacin [Indocid, Novomethacin]; ketoprofen [Oradis, Oruvail]; ketorolac tromethamine [Toradol]; nabumetone [Relafen]; naproxen [Naprosyn]; naproxen sodium [Anaprox, Aleve, Naprelan]; oxaprozin [Daypro]; piroxicam [Feldene]; sulindac [Clinoril]; tolmetin sodium [Tolectin]

126
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs): adverse reactions

A

abdominal pain; bleeding; anorexia; ulcers; liver toxicity; dyspepsia; heartburn (minimised if taken with meals); flank pain may indicate nephrotoxicity; drowsiness; headache; dizziness; confusion; tinnitus; vertigo; depression; bladder infections; blood in urine; kidney necrosis

127
Q

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: indications

A

used in combination with other drugs to treat HIV infections and AIDS; prevention of maternal/fetal HI transmission; prevention of HIV infection after an occupational exposure

128
Q

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: common drug examples

A

abacavir sulfate [Ziagen]; didanosine [Videx]; lamivudine [Combivir]; stavudine [Zerit]; zalcitabine [Hivid]; zidovudine [Retrovir]

129
Q

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: adverse effects

A

difficult to distinguish between disease-related side effects and drug-related side effects; anaemia; leucopenia; neutropenia; thrombocytopenia

130
Q

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: adverse effects (toxic effects)

A

rate adverse effects that require medical attention: myopathy, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity; not requiring medical attention: headache, severe insomnia, myalgia, nausea, or hyperpigmentation of nails

131
Q

opioids (narcotics): action

A

often used in combination with other medications, particularly acetaminophen

132
Q

opioids (narcotics): indications

A

analgesic used for moderate to severe pain associated with acute and chronic disorders including MI, postoperative pain, or terminal cancer; pulmonary oedema; preoperatively sedation; anaesthesia; cough suppression; diarrhoea

133
Q

opioids (narcotics): common drug examples

A

codeine phosphate; codeine sulfate; diphenoxylate hydrochloride [Lofene, Lomotil]; fentanyl citrate [Sublimaze]; fentanyl transdermal system [Duragesic]; meperidine hydrochloride [Demerol]; methadone hydrochloride [Dolphine, Mehadose]; morphine sulfate [Epimorph, Kadian, Statex]; oxycodone hydrochloride [Endocodone, Percolone]

134
Q

opioids (narcotics): adverse effects

A

respiratory depression; circulatory depression; respiratory arrest; cardiac arrest; dizziness; visual disturbances; mental clouding; sedation; coma; euphoria; weakness; agitation; restlessness; nervousness; seizures; nausea; vomiting; constipation; high potential for addiction

135
Q

opioid mixed agonist-antagonist: action

A

drugs have both agonist and antagonistic properties; usually potent analgesics but less additive than pure opioids

136
Q

opioid mixed agonist-antagonist: indications

A

respiratory depression; circulatory depression; respiratory arrest; cardiac arrest; dizziness; visual disturbances; mental clouding; sedation; coma; euphoria; weakness; agitation; restlessness; nervousness; seizures; nausea; vomiting; constipation; high potential for addiction

137
Q

opioid mixed agonist-antagonist: common drug examples

A

buprenorphine hydrochloride [Buprenax]; butorphanol tartrate [Stadol]; nalbuphine hydrochloride [Nubain]; pentazocine hydrochloride [Talwin]

138
Q

opioid mixed agonist-antagonist: adverse reactions

A

respiratory depression; apnea; shock; cardiopulmonary arrest; sedation; dizziness; hallucinations; disorientation; agitation; euphoria; dysphoria; insomnia; headache; miosis; tachycardia; palpitations; cheat wall rigidity; syncope; oedema; nausea; vomiting; constipation; dry mouth; anorexia; spasms of the colon; urinary retention or hesitancy; decreased libido; rash; flushing; physical and psychological dependence can occur

139
Q

penicillin: action

A

family of effective antibiotics with low toxicity

140
Q

penicillin (natural): indications

A

infections like streptococcal pneumonia, enterococcal, and nonenterococcal group D endocarditis; diphtheria, anthrax, meningitis, tetanus, botulism, actinomycosis, syphilis, relapsing fever, Lyme disease; prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections; rheumatic fever; bacterial endocarditis

141
Q

penicillin (aminopenicillins): indications

A

septicaemia; gynaecologic infections; repair story, GU, and GI tract infections; soft tissue, bone, and joint infections; extended-spectrum penicillins: hard to treat gram-negative infections and given in combination with aminoglycosides; penicillinase-resistant penicillins: susceptible penicillinase producing staphylocci and much the same as for aminopenicillins

142
Q

penicillin: common drug examples (natural penicillin)

A

penicillin G benzathine [Bicillin L-A, Permapen]; penicillin G potassium [Pfizerpen]; penicillin G procaine [Bicillin C-R, Wycillin]; penicillin V potassium [Apo-Pen, Veetids]

143
Q

penicillin: common drug examples (aminopenicillins)

A

amoxicillin trihydrate with clavulanate potassium [Augmentin, Clavulin]; ampicillin [Apro-Ampi, Novo-Ampicillin, Omnipen, Penbritin]; ampicllin trihydrate [Principen, Totacillin]

144
Q

penicillin: common drug examples (penicillinase-resistant penicillins)

A

dicloxacillin sodium [Dycil, Dynapen, Pathocil]; nafcillin sodium [Nafcil, Nailpen, Unipen]; oxacillin sodium [Bactocil]; mezlocillin sodium [Mexlin]; piperacillin sodium [Pipracil]; piperacillin sodium with tazobactam socium [Zosyn]; ticarcillin disodium [Ticar]; ticarcillin with clavulantate potassium [Timentin]

145
Q

penicillin: adverse reactions

A

hypersensitivity reactions; haematological reactions; transient neutropenia; leucopenia; thrombocytopenia; bleeding can occur with high-dose extended-spectrum penicillins

146
Q

phenothizines: indications

A

psychoses involving hallucinations, agitations, manic phase of bipolar psychoses; nausea and vomiting induced by CNS dysfunctions; anxiety; severe behavioural problems; abdominal pain associated with porphyria; delirium; neurogenic pain

147
Q

phenothizines: common drug examples (aliphatic derivatives)

A

chlorpromazine hydrochloride [Chlorpromanyl-20, Largac-til, Thorazine]; promethazine hydrochloride [Anergan 50, Phenergan]

148
Q

phenothizines: common drug examples (piperazine derivatives)

A

fluphenazine hydrochloride [Permitil, Prolixin]; perphenazine [Apo-Perphenazine, Trilafon]; prochlorperazine [Compazine, Stermetil]; trifluoperazine hydrochloride [Apo-Trifluoperazine, Stelazine]

149
Q

phenothizines: common drug examples (piperidine derivatives)

A

mesoridazine besylate [Serentil]; thioridazine [Mellaril-S]; thiothixene hydrochloride [Navane]

150
Q

phenothizines: adverse reactions

A

some medications may cause extra pyramidal symptoms; in rare cases can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome: other reactions include sedative and anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, fainting, dizziness, arrhythmias, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, local gastric irritation, endocrine effects, haematological disorders, and ocular changes

151
Q

progestins: indications

A

hormonal imbalance in women; endometriosis; carcinoma; contraception

152
Q

progestins: common drug examples

A

medroxyprogesterone acetate [Amen, Curretab, Cycrin, Provera]; megestrol [Megace]; norethindrone [Micronor, Nor-Q.D.]; norethindrone [Aygestin, Norlutate]; norgestrel [Ovrette]; progesterone [Crinone]

153
Q

progestins: adverse reactions

A

change menstrual bleeding pattern; breast tenderness and secretion; weight changes; increases in body temperature; oedema; nausea; acne; somnolence; insomnia; hirsutism; hair loss; depression; cholestatic jaundice and allergic reactions; flushing; increasing sugar levels; increase in BP; decreased sexual desire; headache

154
Q

protease inhibitors: action

A

antiviral medication used with HIV patients

155
Q

protease inhibitors: indications

A

HIV infection and AIDS

156
Q

protease inhibitors: common drug names

A

amprenavir [Agenerase]; indinavir sulfate [Crixivan]; lopinavir and ritonavair [Kaletra]; nelfinavir mesylate [Viracept]; ritonavir [Norvir]; saquinavir [Fortovase]; saquinavir mesylate [Invirase]

157
Q

protease inhibitors: adverse reactions

A

kidney stones, pancreatitis, diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis and paresthesia all require medical attention; less problematic are aymptoms of generalised weakness, GI disturbances, headaches, insomnia, taste perversion, dizziness, somnolence

158
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): action

A

enhance serotonergic transmission through blocked reuptake at the synapse

159
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): indications

A

depression; panic and eating disorders; obsessive compulsion; premenstrual dysphoria; posttraumatic stress and bipolar disorders; alcohol dependence; premature ejaculation; diabetic neuropathy

160
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): common drug examples

A

citalopram hydrobromide [Celexa]; fluoxetine [Proxac, Sarafem]; fluvoxamine maleate [Luvox]; paroxetine hydrochloride [Paxil]; sertraline hydrochloride [Zoloft]

161
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): adverse reactions

A

GI complaints; headaches; dizziness; somnolence; sexual dysfunction; tremors; less common reactions include breast tenderness or enlargement, extra pyramidal effects, dystonia, fever, palpitations, weight gain or loss, rash, hives, itching

162
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant I: action

A

polysynaptic inhibitors (inhibit interneuron transmission in the spinal cord)

163
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant I: indications

A

muscle spasms caused by acute injuries; supportive therapy for tetanus

164
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant I: common drug examples

A

carisoprolol [Soma]; chlorzoxazone [Paraflex, Parafon, Forte]; cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride [Flexeril]; methocarbamol [Carbacot, Robaxin, Skelex]; orphenadrine citrate [Norflex]

165
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant I: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness; vertigo; tremor; headaches; lightheadedness; nausea; vomiting; confusion

166
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant II: action

A

indirect and direct skeletal muscle relaxants

167
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant II: indications

A

spasticity caused by an upper motor neuron lesion like MS

168
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant II: common drug examples

A

baclofen [Lioresal]; diazepam [Valium]; dantrolene sodium [Dantrium]

169
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant II: adverse reactions

A

drowsiness; dizziness; weakness; fatigue; hypotension; paresthesias; confusion; dysarthria; constipation; vomiting; liver dysfunction

170
Q

sulfonamides: action

A

first drugs to treat systemic, bacterial infections

171
Q

sulfonamides: indications (bacterial infections)

A

effective with staphylocci, streptococci, clostridium tetani, urinary tract infections, nocardiosis, otitis media

172
Q

sulfonamides: indications (parasitic infections)

A

inflammation; pneumonic plague

173
Q

sulfonamides: common drug examples

A

co-trimoxazole [Apo-Sulfatrim, Bactrim, Cotrim, Septa]; sulfasalazine [Azulfidine]

174
Q

sulfonamides: adverse reactions

A

rash; fever; pruritis; erythema; photosensitivity; joint pain; bronchospasm; haematologic, renal, and GI reactions all can occur

175
Q

sulfonylureas: action

A

lower blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas

176
Q

sulfonylureas: indications

A

type 2 diabetes myelitis; neurogenic diabetes insipidus

177
Q

sulfonylureas: common drug examples (first generation)

A

chlorpropamide [Diabinese, Novo-Propamide]; tolazamide [Tolinase]; tolbutamide [Orinase]

178
Q

sulfonylureas: common drug example (second generation)

A

glimepiride [Amaryl]; glipizide [Glucotrol]; glyburide [DiaBeta, Glynase, Pres Tab, Micronase]

179
Q

sulfonylureas: adverse reactions

A

headache; nausea; vomiting; anorexia; heartburn; weakness and paresthesia

180
Q

sulfonylureas: adverse reactions (toxic effects)

A

anxiety; chills; cold sweats; confusion; cool pale skin; difficulty concentrating; drowsiness; excessive hunger; nervousness; rapid heartbeat; weakness; unusual fatigue

181
Q

tetracycline: action

A

antibiotic

182
Q

tetracycline: indications

A

bacterial; antiprotozoal; rickettsial and fungal infections; sclerosing agent for pleural or pericardial effusion; adjunct therapy for H. pylori and other GI infections; Lune disease

183
Q

tetracycline: common drug examples

A

doxycycline hyclate [Periostat, Vibramycin]; minocycline hydrochloride [Dynacin, Nimocin, Vectrin]; tetracycline hydrochloride [Achromycin, Panmycin, Tetralen]

184
Q

tetracycline: adverse reactions

A

anorexia; flatulence; nausea; vomiting; stool disturbances; epigastric burning; abdominal discomfort; rash

185
Q

thrombolytic enzymes: action

A

developed to reduce a blood clot and prevent perms sent ischaemic damage

186
Q

thrombolytic enzymes: indications

A

thrombosis; thromboembolism

187
Q

thrombolytic enzymes: common drug examples

A

alteplase [Activase, Cathflo, Activase]; anistreplase, retaplase [Eminase]; streptokinase [Streptase]; tenecteplase [TNKase]; urokinase [Abbokinase]

188
Q

thrombolytic enzymes: adverse reactions

A

cerebral haemorrhage; fever; hypotension; arrhythmias; oedema; nausea; vomiting; arthralgia; headache

189
Q

tricyclic antidepressants: action

A

enhance adrenergic neurotransmitters transmission through blocked reuptake at the synapse

190
Q

tricyclic antidepressants: indications

A

depression; obsessive compulsive disorder; enuresis: severe chronic pain; phobic disorders; bulimia; short-term treatment of duodenal or gastric ulcers

191
Q

tricyclic antidepressants: common drug examples

A

amitriptyline hydrochloride [Elavil, Levate, Nivotriptyn]; clomipramine hydrochloride [Anafranil]; desipramine hydrochloride [Norpramin]; doxepin hydrochloride [Sinequan, Triadapin]; imipramine hydrochloride [Apo-Imipramine, Impril, Novopramine]; imipramine pamoate [Tofranil-AM]; nortriptyline hydrochloride [Aventyl HCL, Pamelor]; trimipramine maleate [Surmontil]

192
Q

tricyclic antidepressants: adverse reactions

A

sedation; anticholinergic effects; orthostatic hypotension; specific drugs may cause seizures

193
Q

vitamin K inhibitor: indications

A

pulmonary emboli; DVT; MI; atrial arrhythmias

194
Q

vitamin K inhibitor: common drug examples

A

warfarin [Coumadin]

195
Q

vitamin K inhibitor: adverse reactions

A

fever; anorexia; nausea; vomiting; cramps; diarrhoea; mouth ulceration a; haemorrhage; jaundice

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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