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PHARMACOLOGY > Pharmacologic Principles > Flashcards

Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Any chemical that affects physiologic processes of a living organism

A

DRUG

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2
Q

It is the study / science of drugs

A

PHARMACOLOGY

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3
Q

Chemical composition & molecular structure of drug

A

CHEMICAL NAME

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4
Q

-Nonproprietary name
-Name given by the US adopted names council

A

GENERIC NAME

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5
Q

-Proprietary name
-Drug registered trademark
- “Brand name”

A

TRADE NAME

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6
Q

No. patency years (names)

A

17 years

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7
Q

Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties

A

DRUG CLASSIFICATION

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8
Q

Drug Classifications:

A
  1. Structure
  2. Therapeutic use
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9
Q

Study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

A

PHARMACEUTICS

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10
Q
  • Is the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action
  • What he body does to the drug
  • ADME
A

PHARMACOKINETICS

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11
Q

ADME

A

ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION

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12
Q

After absorption of oral drugs from the GI tract, they pass from the
intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein. In the liver, some drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted, thus reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect. This is referred to as ____

A

FIRST PASS EFFECT

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13
Q
  • The study of the effects of drugs on the body
  • What the drug does to the body
  • Acted by drug-receptor relationship
A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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14
Q

is the body’s physiologic response to
changes in drug concentration at the site of action

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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15
Q

refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug

A

POTENCY

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16
Q

What phase:

Disintegration of dosage form: dissolution of drug in the body

A

P1: PHARMACEUTICAL PHASE

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17
Q

What phase:

ADME

A

P2: PHARMACOKINETIC

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18
Q

Drug-receptor interaction

A

P3: PHARMACODYNAMICS

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19
Q

Clinical use of drugs to prevent/treat diseases

A

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

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20
Q

Study of natural sources (vs. synthetic) drug sources

A

PHARMACOGNOSY

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21
Q

The marketability of the drug

A

PHARMACOECONOMICS

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22
Q

Pharmaceutic phase:

Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles

A

DISINTEGRATION

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23
Q

Pharmaceutic Phase:

Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI Fluid before absorption

A

DISSOLUTION

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24
Q

2 Pharmaceutic Phases

A
  1. Disintegration
  2. Dissolution
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25
Q

the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration

A

ABSORPTION

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26
Q

Drugs absorbed into systemic circulation thru oral / gastric mucosa / small intestine

A

ENTERAL

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27
Q

Applying of drugs topically to mouth

A

ORAL ROUTE

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28
Q

Dosage form placed under the tongue

A

SUBLINGUAL

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29
Q

Dosage form placed between gums & inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch)

A

BUCCAL ROUTE

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30
Q

Suppositories / Enema

A

RECTAL ROUTE

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31
Q

Fastest delivery of drug into blood circulation

A

INTRAVENOUS (IV)

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32
Q

Administration directly to the surface of skin

A

TOPICAL

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33
Q

Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered from

A

LIBERATION

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34
Q

Formulated to release medicinal drug without delay

A

IMMEDIATE

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35
Q

Formulated to release drug sometime after it is taken

A

DELAYED

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36
Q

Makes drug available over extended period of time

A

EXTENDED RELEASE

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37
Q

relies on a carrier protein
to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Doesn’t require energy.

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

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38
Q

drugs move across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration
to one of lower concentration.

A

DIFFUSION

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39
Q

requires a carrier, such as an enzyme
or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is
required.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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40
Q

A process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.

A

PINOCYTOSIS

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41
Q

Refers to the percentage of administered drug available for
activity

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

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42
Q

For orally administered drugs, bioavailability is affected by ___

A

ABSORPTION & FIRST-PASS EFFECT

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43
Q

is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.

A

DISTRIBUTION

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44
Q

Transport of drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

A

DISTRIBUTION

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45
Q

are able to exit blood vessels and reach their site of action, causing a pharmacologic response.

A

FREE DRUGS

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46
Q

Areas of LOW distribution

A
  1. Skin
  2. Muscle
  3. Fat
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47
Q

Areas of RAPID distribution:

A
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Liver
  4. Kidney
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48
Q

Blood vessels in the brain have a special endothelial lining where the cells are pressed tightly together. This is referred to as: _______

A

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

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49
Q

process by which the body
chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.

A

METABOLISM / BIOTRANSFORMATION

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50
Q

Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a mores soluble compound, more potent active metabolite, or less active metabolite

A

METABOLISM / BIOTRANSFORMATION

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51
Q

A compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance. It is often designed to improve drug bioavailability; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding _____ might be
used instead to improve pharmacokinetics

A

PRODRUG

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52
Q

Elimination of drugs from the body

A

EXCRETION

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53
Q

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half

A

HALF-LIFE

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54
Q

Measure of the rate at which drug is removed from the body

A

HALF-LIFE

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55
Q

occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being
eliminated

A

STEADY STATE (plateau drug level)

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56
Q

Large initial dose

A

LOADING DOSE

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57
Q

Tests to determine renal function:

A
  1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
  2. Creatinine
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58
Q

____ is a metabolic by-product of muscle excreted by the kidneys

A

CREATININE

59
Q

_____ is the metabolic breakdown product of protein metabolism

A

UREA NITROGEN

60
Q

Cellular processes involved in the drug & cell interaction

A

DRUG ACTIONS

61
Q

Physiologic reaction of body to the drug

A

DRUG EFFECT

62
Q

Time it takes for drug to ELICIT a therapeutic response

A

ONSET

63
Q

Time it takes for a drug to REACH its MAXIMUM therapeutic response

A

PEAK

64
Q

Time a drug CONCENTRATION is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

A

DURATION

65
Q

The point at which increasing a
drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response is
referred to as _____

A

MAXIMAL EFFICACY

66
Q

Is the study of the effects of drugs on the body

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

67
Q

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose of a drug

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

68
Q

range of doses that produce a therapeutic response without
causing significant adverse effect in patients.

A

THERAPEUTIC RANGE

69
Q

is the time it takes for a
drug to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after
administration

A

ONSET

70
Q

occurs when it reaches its highest concentration in the blood

A

PEAK

71
Q

is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect

A

DURATION

72
Q

Highest blood concentration of drug

A

PEAK DRUG LEVEL

73
Q

he highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time, and it indicates the rate of drug absorption

A

PEAK DRUG LEVEL

74
Q

the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.

A

TROUGH DRUG LEVEL

75
Q

Lowest blood concentration level of the drug

A

TROUGH DRUG LEVEL

76
Q

Drugs act by binding to receptors. Binding of the drug may activate a
receptor, producing a response, or it may inactivate a receptor, blocking a
response.

A

RECEPTOR THEORY

77
Q

Drugs that activate receptors and produce a desired response

A

AGONISTS

78
Q

drugs that elicit only moderate activity when binding to receptors

A

PARTIAL AGONISTS

79
Q

Drugs that prevent receptor activation and block a response

A

ANTAGONISTS

80
Q

Substances that catalyzes biochemical reaction of cell

A

ENZYMES

81
Q

Occurs when drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters the enzyme’s interaction with its motmal target molecules in the body

A

DRUG-ENZYME INTERACTION

82
Q

It reacts with multiple receptor sites and its main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes.

A

NONSPECIFIC

83
Q

Drugs that act on multiple receptors such as alpha1, beta1, and beta2 receptors

A

NONSELECTIVE

84
Q

competes with the agonist for receptor sites

A

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

85
Q

binds to receptor sites and blocks the effects of the agonist

A

NONCOMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

86
Q

are secondary effects of drug therapy

A

SIDE EFFECTS

87
Q

If the patient is critically ill and requires acute intensive therapy

A

ACUTE THERAPY

88
Q

based on practical experience rather than on pure scientific data

A

EMPIRIC THERAPY

89
Q

for patients with chronic conditions that don’t resolve

A

MAINTENANCE THERAPY

90
Q

to replenish or substitute for missing
substances in the body

A

SUPPLEMENTAL / REPLACEMENT THERAPY

91
Q

which doesn’t treat the cause of the disease but maintains other
threatened body systems until the patient’s condition resolves

A

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY

92
Q

used for end-stage or terminal diseases to make the patient as
comfortable as possible.

A

PALLIATIVE THERAPY

93
Q

treatments for prevention

A

PROPHYLACTIC THERSPY

94
Q

Any characteristics of the px that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the px

A

CONTRAINDICATIONS

95
Q

Evaluating clinical response of px to the treatment

A

MONITORING

96
Q

Ratio of drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

97
Q

Drugs reach a certain concentration in the blood

A

DRUG CONCENTRATION

98
Q

Decreasing response to repeated drug doses

A

TOLERANCE

99
Q

Physiologic / psychological need for a drug

A

DEPENDENCE

100
Q

Physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

A

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

101
Q

“Addiction”. Obsessive desire for the euphoric effect of the drug

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE

102
Q

Alteration of one drug by another

A

DRUG INTERACTIONS

103
Q

2 drugs w/ similar action are given together

A

ADDITIVE EFFECT

104
Q

2 drugs administered together interact in w/c combined effects are GREATER than the sum of the effects for each drugs given alone

A

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT

105
Q

The clinical effect of the two
drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone.

A

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT

106
Q

When drugs are administered together, one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other.

A

ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT

107
Q

Occurs when combination of 2 drugs results in drug effects LESS than the sum of the effects for each drug give separately

A

ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT

108
Q

2 Parenteral drugs or solutions that are mixed resulting to chemical deterioration of one or both drugs

A

INCOMPATIBILITY

109
Q

Any undesirable events involving medications

A

ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS

110
Q

A preventable situation in which there is compromise in the rights of medication use

A

MEDICATION ERROR

111
Q

Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable which also occurs at therapeutic doses

A

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

112
Q

are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug dosages. The reactions may be mild to severe and include anaphylaxis

A

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

113
Q

Abnormal response to a drug

A

IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTION

114
Q

Drug effects resulting to structural defects in fetus

A

TERATOGENIC

115
Q

Effects resulting to permanent changes in genetic composition of living organisms. Alteration in chromosome structure

A

MUTAGENIC

116
Q

Cancer-causing effect

A

CARCINOGENIC

117
Q

occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range

A

DRUG TOXICITY

118
Q

refers to an acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug; it may occur after the first dose or after several doses

A

TACHYPHYLAXIS

119
Q

is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of
the drug. The response can be positive or negative and may be influenced by the beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of the patient

A

PLACEBO EFFECT

120
Q

study of poisons & unwanted responses to drugs & other chemicals

A

TOXICOLOGY

121
Q

Drug Standards were established by

A

UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA NATIONAL FORMULARY (USP-NF)

122
Q

Ensures safety

A

FEDERAL LEGISLATION

123
Q

Monitor, regulate, manufacture, and marketing of drugs

A

FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT OF 1952

124
Q

Established 2 classes of drugs: Rx & OTC

A

DURHAM-HUMPHREY AMENDMENT TO THE 1938 ACT

125
Q

Prohibited sale of misbranded/adulterated food & drugs

A

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTS

126
Q

Require that drug products, both prescription and non-prescription must be pure, effective, and safe

A

FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETICS ACT OF 1938

127
Q

Allows FDA to set manufacturing practices, mandated regular inspections of production facilities

A

KEFAUVER-HARRIS AMENDMENT

128
Q

Mandate postmarketing studies

A

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AMENDMENTS ACT

129
Q

Regulate cigarettes by various measures

A

FAMILY SMOKING PREVENTION AND TOBACCO CONTROL ACT

130
Q

Quality and affordable health care

A

PATIENT PROTECTION & AFFORDABLE HEALTHCARE ACT

131
Q

shorten time which new drugs could be developed & marketed

A

DRUG REGULATION REFORM ACT

132
Q

-Review and use of new drugs are accelerated
-Drug companies required to give info on “off label” drugs

A

THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MODERNIZATION ACT

133
Q

Giving wrong drug dose causing px death (Negligence)

A

MISFEASANCE

134
Q

Omitting a d rug dose causing px death (Omission)

A

NONFEASANCE

135
Q

Giving correct drug via wrong route

A

MALFEASANCE

136
Q

Factors affecting drug absorption

A

BLOOD FLOW
PAIN
STRESS
HUNGER
FASTING
FOOD
pH

137
Q

_____ to the stomach as a result of shock, vasoconstrictor drugs, or disease hampers absorption

A

POOR CIRCULATION

138
Q

T/F: Pain, stress, and foods
that are solid, hot, or high in fat can slow gastric emptying time, so drugs
remain in the stomach longer

A

TRUE

139
Q

______ can decrease gastric blood flow by shunting blood flow to peripheral muscles, thereby decreasing blood
circulation to the GI tract.

A

EXERCISE

140
Q

A drug’s time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action

A

PHARMACOKINETICS

141
Q

Factors that DECREASE metabolism

A

Cardiovascular dysfunction
Renal insufficiency
Starvation
Obstructive Jaundice

142
Q

Factors that INCREASE metabolism

A

Barbiturate Therapy
Rifampin Therapy
Phenytoin

143
Q

2 drug agonists attach to receptor site. The drug agonist that has an exact fit is a strong agonist and is more biologically active than weak agonist.

A

RECEPTOR THEORY

PHARMACOLOGY (11 decks)

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