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Med Conditions I > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The metabolism and excretion out of the body

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Cellular and systemic effects on the body

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3
Q

Medication Benefits

A

Helps with controlling seizures, controlling arterial pressure, blood sugar, decrease heart events, helps people sleep, relax spastic muscles, and most importantly for you control pain

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4
Q

Medication Challenges/Adverse Affects

A

Side Effects: makes people dizzy, slows dow reflexes, increase risk of falls, lowers BP to potenially dangerous levels, DEPENDENCE, bone deterioration, liver and kidney deterioration (putting people at risk for other diseases)

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5
Q

Over the Counter (OTC) Medications Impact on Prescription Drugs

A

Adds complexity that develops in their body creating other unexpected side effects

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6
Q

Herbal/Vitamins Effect with Prescription Drugs

A

Interferes with Metabolism and half life of the medications in the body and the way they are excreted (in turn, affects the therapeutic levels of medication in the blood)

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7
Q

Illicit Drugs/Alcohol/Caffeine/Nicotine

A

Compounds the overall picture of the exposure to chemicals with therapeutic and potentially toxic effects and the accompanying symptoms displayed as a result of that

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8
Q

Agonist

A

Drugs that occupy receptors and activate them

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9
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them. Antagonist block receptor activation by agonists

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10
Q

Drug Impact

A
  • Drugs can affect/change vision, hearing, olfaction/taste, touch sensation, and bring about a state of sensory senescence (aging)
  • Age is an impact
  • Drugs can make your bodies over sensitive or under sensitive to sensation, thirst, sleep, etc
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11
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category A

A

Studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus

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12
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category B

A

Studies have not been done on humans, but in animal studies there was no risk to the fetus

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13
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category C

A

Studies have not been done on humans or animals, or studies done on animals have shown teratogenic effects

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14
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category D

A

Studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus, so benefit-to-risk ratio must be established before use in pregnancy

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15
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category X

A

Studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals; fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit, and drug is contraindicated in pregnancy

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16
Q

Teratogenic Effect

A

Anything that produces nonheritable birth defects is said to be teratogenic (chemicals/radiation can cause abnormal defects in embryo)

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17
Q

Pharmokinetic Phases

ADME

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
  • occurs after the pharmaceutic phase
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18
Q

Pharmaceutic Phase

A
  • the dissolution of the drug (a pill or capsule)
  • Drugs must be in solution to be absorbed.
  • Drugs that are liquid or drugs given by injection do not go through the pharmaceutic phase because they are already in solution
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19
Q

Absorption

A

Drug passes into the circulating body fluids or tissue via the capillaries/blood vessels

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20
Q

Distribution

A

Transportation of the drug to site of action

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

Drugs are converted into harmless substances (biotransformation)

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22
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of the drug from the body

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23
Q

Absorption Methods

A
  • Active absorption
  • Passive absorption
  • Pinocytosis
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24
Q

Absorption Factors

A
  • Route of administration
  • Solubility of the drug
  • Body conditions (anything that slows the blood flow in the body)
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25
Q

Bioavailability (Absorption)

A

Fraction of the drug that reaches circulation unchanged

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26
Q

Drug Distribution (Absorption)

A

Amount of drug that reaches the site of action

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27
Q

Biotransformation (Metabolism)

A
  • Process of chemical reactions in the liver that convert the drug to an inactive compound
  • Helps drugs to more easily diffuse ad more easily be eliminated
28
Q

First-pass effect

Metabolism

A
  • All oral drugs undergo first-pass effect in the liver before going into systemic circulation
  • Parenteral drugs bypass the first-pass effect
29
Q

Parenteral Drugs

A

Administered drugs through the skin (usually via injection)

30
Q

Loading Dose

A

An initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower maintenance dose

31
Q

Liver

A
  • primary organ for the METABOLIC phase
  • also partially assists in excretion
  • tylenol is responsible for half of liver disease in the U.S.
32
Q

clearance

A
  • elimination of drugs from the body

- good clearance PREVENTS TOXICITY

33
Q

Kidney

A
  • primary organ for EXCRETION (URINE)

- poor kidney function = poor clearance

34
Q

Other methods of excretion

A
  • sweat
  • breast milk
  • breathing
  • feces
  • bile
35
Q

Half-Life

A

Measure of the rate at which the drug is removed from the body (hours, days, weeks, etc.)

36
Q

Drug Dosage

A
  • how often the drug is taken
  • can affect the half-life
  • too low will cause there to be no affect
  • too high will cause overdose (adverse effects)
37
Q

Therapeutic Effect/Response

A

the intended effect of the drug on the body

38
Q

Alteration in the Cellular Environment by a Drug (Pharmacodynamic)

A
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Lubrication
  • Absorption
39
Q

Alteration in the Cellular Function by a Drug (Pharmacodynamic)

A

Can increase or decrease physiologic function as a result

40
Q

Types of Drug Reactions

A
  • Adverse drug reactions
  • Allergic drug reactions
  • Drug idiosyncrasy
  • Drug tolerance
  • Cumulative drug effect
  • Toxic reactions
41
Q

Adverse reactions

A
  • undesirable drug effects

- often called side effects when they are mild

42
Q

Allergic reactions

A

called hypersensitivity reactions and may prompt body to produce antibodies against what it perceives as an antigen

43
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

an extremely serious allergic reaction and can be life-threatening if not recognized and treated immediately.

44
Q

Drug Idiosyncrasy

A
  • Any abnormal or unusual reaction to a drug

- Unknown cause and no predictability

45
Q

Drug Tolerance

A
  • Decreased response to drug requiring increase in dosage; a sign of drug dependence
  • Different than dependence (dependence causes withdrawal)
  • decreased receptor sensitivity after repeated drug exposure
46
Q

Up-Regulate

A

bumping up the ability to metabolize a drug faster

47
Q

Cumulative effect

A

Increased response to drug because of decreased metabolism and excretion (usually secondary to liver or kidney disease)

48
Q

Toxic reaction

A

Poisoning of the system secondary to overdose of chemical in the blood concentration

49
Q

Pharmacogenetic reaction

A

Genetically caused abnormal response to drug

50
Q

Drug-drug Interaction

A

occurs when one drug interacts with or interferes with the action of another drug

51
Q

Additive Drug Reaction

A

Occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone

52
Q

Synergistic Drug Reaction

A

Occurs when drugs interact with each other and produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions

53
Q

Antagonistic Drug Reaction

A

occurs when one drug interferes with the action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug

54
Q

Factors Influencing Drug Response

A
  • Age (Elderly, Infants)
  • Weight
  • Gender
  • Disease
  • Route of administration
55
Q

Polypharmacy

A
  • Taking of multiple drugs
  • Potential for interactions
  • Often practiced by the elderly who have more conditions for which to be medicated
  • Increases possibility of adverse reactions
56
Q

Sedative Hypnotics and Antianxiety Agents

A
  • Decrease internal stress and facilitate sleep
  • in higher doses, depresses CNS activity
  • concerns: drowsiness, low motor function, hang over effect, tolerance/dependence issues
57
Q

Antidepressants

A
  • Mood (affective) Disorders
  • Depression is most prevalent med condition in the U.S.
  • Widely prescribed meds
58
Q

Antipsychotics

A
  • For psychosis and impaired perception of reality and thought disturbances (schizophrenia and paranoia)
  • side effects: torticollis (head becomes persistently turned to one side/muscle spasm), Akatisia (restlessness), pseudo parkinsonism, and other MOVEMENT DISORDERS)
59
Q

Anti-Epileptic Medication

A
  • Prevents seizures due to trauma, infection, CNS issues

- side effects: sedation, fatigue, dizziness

60
Q

Parkinson’s Medications

A
  • For rigidity, resting tremors, bradykinesia

- Side effects: dyinesia, akinesia, dry mouth/eyes, cognitive decline

61
Q

Anesthetics

A
  • a substance that induces insensitivity to pain
  • mixed in to many OTC drugs
  • combination of drugs, rapid onset
  • recovery may effect rehab for days after (could lower BP over next few days or even week)
62
Q

Muscle Relaxants

A
  • drugs for spasticity of the muscles from CNS trauma, infection, metabolic
  • side effects: fatigue, hypotension, headache, nausea, confusion, dizziness, insomnia
63
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A
  • used for treating moderate to severe pain
  • side effects: seizures, dizziness, visual disturbances, constipation, nausea, itching, hypertonia, mood swings
  • avoid alcohol (increases chance for prolonged sedation)
  • peak in 2-3 hours and last 4-6 hours
64
Q

NSAIDS

A
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that widen capillary pores and migration of the activated immune system cells into tissue causing small local swelling and l pain activation (nociceptive pain)
  • increased risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulants
65
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs

A
  • Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that assist in reducing advancement of disease processes
  • side effects: stomach and liver toxicity, birth defects
66
Q

Osteoarthritis drugs

A
  • use regimes containing NSAIDS, opioids, hyaluronic acid, corticosteroids

Med Conditions I (3 decks)

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