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Avian Medicine > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid dose rate

A

125mg/kg PO q8-12h (up to 250mg/kg)

60-120mg/kg IM q12h

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2
Q

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid PK

A

Bactericidal (time-dependent)
Amoxicilin: Binds to penicillin-binding proteins involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis, thereby decreasing cell wall strength and rigidity - affecting cell division/growth
Aminopenicillin with B-lactamase inhibitor that expands its spectrum
G+ bacteria especially Staphylococcus
Anaerobic bacteria
Most G- resistant
Not susceptible to inactivation by B-lactamase-producing bacteria strains because clavulanic acid inhibits B-lactamase (bacterial enzyme that inactivates many penicillins)

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3
Q

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid Contraindications and ADR

A 
Contraindicated with allopurinol use
Most side-effects are GIT related. Hypersensitivities are other side effects are rarely reported:
Anorexia
Vomiting (if used orally in raptors)
Diarhhoea
Potential disturbance to normal flora
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4
Q

Azithromycin dose rate

A

10-40mg/kg PO q24h (use for 45 days for chlamydia)

For mycobacteria: 60mg/kg PO q24h for 3 days the off for 2 days - repeat up to 3 wks

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5
Q

Azithromycin PK

A

New generation macrolide
Azithromycin has a longer tissue half-life than erythromycin, shows better oral absorption
G+ (Staph, Strep)
Limited G – (Bordetella, Haemophilus)
Mycoplasma
Appears to be active against intracellular infections including Chlamydia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium

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6
Q

Azithromycin Contraindications and ADR

A

Excreted in bile thus caution in patients with impaired hepatic function
Enhanced with alkaline pH - administer on empty stomach if possible
should probably be avoided in patients with hepatopathy
Avoid in renal and hepatic failure in all species
GI irritation, V+
Injectables available but seldom used due to irritation and necrosis at site of injection

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7
Q

Erythromycin dose

A

10-20mg/kg PO Q12h

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8
Q

Erythromycin PK

A

Macrolide - inhibits peptide bond formation
Usually bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal in high conc. (time-dependent) or against highly susceptible organisms
Active against Psittacosis in people, but not effective at dose levels in birds
G+ :Staph, Strep, Bacillus, Clostridium
Limited G- : Pasteurella, Haemophilus, most strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Pseudomonas, E.coli, Klebsiella etc.) are resistant
Good against anaerobes
Some Mycoplasma
Some Chlamydia
Some Rickettsia

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9
Q

Erythromycin ADR

A

Primarily excreted unchanged in bile, but also partly metabolized
Being a lipophilic weak base, it is concentrated in fluids that are more acidic than plasma, including milk, prostatic fluid and intracellular fluid.
should probably be avoided in patients with hepatopathy
Erythromycin should not be used in combination with other macrolide, lincosamide or chloramphenicol antimicrobials as antagonism may occur.
ADR: GI irritation, V+
Injectables available but seldom used due to irritation and necrosis at site of injection

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10
Q

Tylosin dose

A

15-30mg/kg IM q12h
50mg/kg PO q 24h – pigeons, passerines
250-1000mg/L of water
nebulization of 100 mg diluted in 5 ml DMSO and 10 ml saline

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11
Q

Tylosin PK

A

Bacteriostatic
Same mechanism of action as erythromycin
Predominantly in suspected Mycoplasma infections - good activity against mycoplasmas and has the same antibacterial spectrum of activity as erythromycin but is generally less active against bacteria.

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12
Q

Tylosin metbolism and ADR

A

Eliminated in urine and bile
IM injections can be very irritating and cause tissue necrosis
GI disturbances. The activity of tylosin is enhanced in an alkaline pH.

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13
Q

Gentamicin dose rate

A

2.5-10mg/kg IM q12h or topically

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14
Q

Gentamicin PK

A

Aminoglycoside - Bactericidal (concentration-dependent so marked post-antibiotic effect - allowing prolonged dosing intervals). Effective against many G+ (i.e. Staph) and G-
Primarily G- aerobes
- Resistance seen with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella
Usually reserved for serious infections
- Osteomyelitis
Mentioned use as nebulization for treatment of URT infections (sinuses, trachea, lungs)

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15
Q

Gentamicin ADR

A

More toxic than amikacin
Generally not recommended due to narrow margin of safety. Short-term treatment because of dose-related toxic effects:
- nephrotoxic (tubular necrosis) in dehydrated birds and birds with compromised renal function – dose should be reduced or a less toxic drug selected. Usually reversible if use of drug is stopped. Uric acid may be abnormal up to 7 days after cessation. Recommend concurrent fluid therapy
- ototoxic - usually irreversible
- neuromuscular synaptic dysfunction and paralysis if given IV rapidly
- May cause myositis with IM injection

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16
Q

Amikacin dose rate

A

10-20mg/kg IM q8-12h

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17
Q

Amikacin PK

A

Bactericidal (concentration-dependent so marked post-antibiotic effect - allowing prolonged dosing intervals)
Good activity against a variety of bacteria, predominantly G- aerobic bacteria
- G+ aerobes: Staphylococcus aureus (Streptococcus usually resistant)
- G-: E.coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
- Mycoplasma spp.
- greater activity against G- bacteria, including some resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin i.e. several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- ineffective against anaerobic bacteria and in proteinaceous environments ( abscesses and exudates)
Osteomyelitis
Reaching CNS/ocular fluids limited, activity at low oxygen sites limited
PMMA bead formulation (1:14 ratio)
Elimination after parenteral admin occurs almost entirely by glomerular filtration
Less toxic side effects so is the Aminoglycoside of choice for use in birds
Not absorbed from GIT, must be administered parenterally

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18
Q

Aminoglycoside (amikacin, gentamicn, neomycin) contraindications

A
  • renal disease
  • age
  • sepsis
  • dehydration
  • concurrent use of other potentially nephrotoxic drugs (i.e. NSAIDs)
  • concurrent use with furosemide
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19
Q

Neomycin dose rate

A

10mg/kg PO q8-12h

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20
Q

Neomycin PK

A

Aminoglycoside
Significantly less effective against several species of G- (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas) - most of these strains are still susceptible to amikacin
Generally limited to oral tx of enteral infections due to being more nephrotoxic and less effective
than gentamicin or amikacin.
Orally administered neomycin is nearly all excreted unchanged in faeces

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21
Q

neomycin ADR

A

contraindicated in GIT obstructions. - parenteral use can be very toxic (nephrotoxic), so not recommended

  • chronic use can lead to GI superinfections
  • possible ototoxicity
  • GI signs (D+, malabsorption)
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22
Q

Cefalexin dose rate

A

50-100mg/kg IM or PO q6-12h

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23
Q

Cafalexin PK

A

1st gen cephalosporin
Bactericidal - time-dependent
Excellent coverage against most G+ including B-lactamase bacteria (i.e. Staphs of GIT and skin)
Variable to poor against most G- (some strains of E.coli, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus, Salmonella)
Most anaerobes (except Bacteroides)

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24
Q

Cefalexin ADR

A

most are GI in nature (can alter gut flora)

potentially cause hypersensitivity reactions

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25
Q

Ceftazidime dose rate

A

50-100mg/kg IM q6-8h

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26
Q

Ceftazidime PK

A 
3rd gen cephalosporin - 
Bactericidal - Time-dependent
Variable activity against G+
Much expanded (compared to 2nd gen) G- activity
For serious G- infections
Pseudomonas (but resistance is an issue)
Penetrates CSF and bone
Not appreciable absorbed after PO
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27
Q

Ceftazidime ADR

A

Use with caution in renal disease and may need to reduce dose (primarily excreted in the kidneys). GI disturbance
Pain may be associated with injection

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28
Q

Tetracycline PK

A

Bacteriostatic: inhibiting protein synthesis at the initiation step by interacting with the 30S ribosomal unit

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29
Q

Chlortetracycline dose rate

A

15-100mg/kg PO q6-8h
2500mg/L drinking water for finch/pigeon (N/B: Assume birds consume 10% of their body weight in water per day)
Parrots - 5.0 g/L in clean water.
Nil WHP Laying hens

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30
Q

Chlortetracycline PK

A

Primarily used in water or feed treatments; or topically for ophthalmic use
Many bacteria now resistant
Poor acceptance
Immunosuppressive
Can be used for flock treatment of Chlamydiosis but doxycycline preferred
- therapeutic blood levels are reached only within 10 days – infected birds will continue to shed, and the delayed induction of proper blood levels poses additional risk for humans and other birds
Primarily hepatic metabolism and renal excretion - care in birds with hepatopathy and renal compromise

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31
Q

Doxycycline dose rate

A

Oral: 25-50mg/kg PO q24hr
In-water: 4g/400ml (parrots); 4g/800ml (pigeons)
Injectable: 50-100mg/kg IM once weekly x7

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32
Q

Doxycycline PK

A
  • Many G+ (some Staphs and Streps but resistance increasing), Clostridia, Norcardia
  • Poor efficacy against most avian G- isolates
  • Chlamydia
  • Mycoplasma
  • Rickettsia
  • Spirochetes (Helicobacter, Campylobacter)
    Empirically set for 45 days
    A/B cannot penetrate macrophage, thus cannot reach C.psittaci. During the 45 days, at least 2 complete replicate cycles of avian macrophage takes place. During division phase, the organism should be released from the cell and if the plasma conc. of A/B is sufficiently high to inhibit C.psittaci, the organism will be eliminated
    Greater bioavailability than other tetracyclines = will penetrate CSF and the eye but may not be sufficient to treat infections
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33
Q

Doxycycline ADR

A

Excreted only in faeces (no renal metabolism so drug of choice when tetracyclines indicated in a renal-impaired animal) +/- bile
Extremely lipid-soluble - penetrates well into prostatic fluid and bronchial secretions.
- strong lipophilia = prolonged half life
Administer WITH food.
- anorexia
- V+
- D+
- immunosuppression
- hepatotoxicity (rare)
- photosensitization has been reported
- localized tissue reactions to doxycycline injections - must alternate injection sites or divide dose if large volumes to inject.
alterations of gut flora especially yeast overgrowth and secondary bacterial infections
- chelates Ca in the gut and bone; Use cautiously in baby birds for extended periods of time. Dietary calcium interferes with oral uptake of tetracycline.
- Less likely to cause growth abnormalities than other tetracyclines
Macaws may be more sensitive to this drug than other psittacines

34
Q

Oxytetracycline Dose rate

A

50-100mg/kg IM, SC q2-3 days

5g dissolved in 50ml water

35
Q

Oxytetracycline PK

A

Primarily used in water or feed treatments; or topically for ophthalmic use
Many bacteria now resistant
Poor acceptance (taste)
Immunosuppressive
Chlamydiosis:
- induce effective blood levels within hours
- shedding stops within 24 hours

36
Q

Oxytetracycline ADR

A

One of the less lipid-soluble tetracyclines, it is excreted unchanged in urine and bile and undergoes enterohepatic recirculation.
Primarily hepatic metabolism and renal excretion
care in birds with hepatopathy and renal compromise
Poorly absorbed when given orally, thus oral formulations not recommended
Avoid oral dosing in birds, other than for prophylaxis, as tetracyclines are poorly absorbed from the GI tract, rapidly lose potency in drinking water and put birds off drinking water due to their taste.

37
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

50mg/kg IM or PO q6-12h
Pigeons: 25mg/kg PO q12 hours
Chlorsig eye drop – 1 drop q4-8h
Largely replaced by other antibiotics. Still used for treating serious Salmonella infections and where penetration into CNS is desired.
Bacteriostatic - bactericidal against some very susceptible organisms or at higher conc.
Broad spectrum: many G+ and G-
- G+ aerobes: Staph, Strep
- G- aerobes: Salmonella, Haemophilus (but many avian G- isolates resistant)
- Anaerobes: Clostridium, Bacterioides, Fusobacteria
Suppress growth of
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsia
- Mycoplasma
ADR:
- GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea)
- reversible dose-related anaemia (bone marrow suppression)
- potentially toxic to humans – caution with people handling the drug (anaphylaxis)
Contraindications:
- food-producing animals
- hepatopathy
- pre-existing haematologic disorders
- reduce dose in hepatic or renal insufficiency
- concurrent use with macrolide or lincosamide antimicrobials (inhibitory)

38
Q

Enrofloxacin dose rate

A

10-30mg/kg IM or PO q12h

100-150mg/L in water

39
Q

Enrofloxacin PK

A

Bactericidal fluoroquinolone
Excellent activity against Mycoplasma
Some G+ (variable activity against Streps)
Most G-: best for infections with facultative and aerobic G- infections
Generally susceptible: Mycobacterium spp.
Pseudomonas resistance common
Not effective against anaerobes
Reduce clinical signs in birds infected with Chlamydia, but may not clear the carrier state
May not achieve therapeutic levels if given in water, except for highly susceptible bacteria
15-50% eliminated unchanged in urine by both tubular secretion and glomerular filtration.
Metabolites eliminated in urine and faeces

40
Q

Enrofloxacin ADR

A
  • cause V+ in raptors when given orally
  • is bitter
  • pain with IM injection. Can cause significant bruising and necrosis (highly alkaline solution)
  • potential cartilage abnormalities in young/growing animals so use with caution. May cause permanent articular defects in juveniles
  • toxic reactions may be species-specific
  • scattered anecdotal reports of aggressive and irritable behavior in Amazons
41
Q

Marbofloxacin dose rate

A

2.5-15mg/kg PO or IM q24h

42
Q

Marbofloxacin PK

A

Broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.
Used in raptors as it does not cause nausea
Mycoplasmas
Gram-positive (Staphylococcus)
Gram-negative organisms (Pasteurella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Proteus and Salmonella.
Fluoroquinolones are effective against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.
Marbofloxacin is relatively ineffective in treating obligate anaerobic infections.

43
Q

Clindamycin dose rate

A

25 mg/kg PO q8h
50 mg/kg PO q12h
100 mg/kg PO q24h

44
Q

Clindamycin pk

A

More active lincosamide, generally better absorbed and probably less toxic than lincomycin
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on conc. of the drug at the infection site and susceptibility of organism
Anaerobes
Most G+ aerobic cocci (including Staph, Strep)
Generally susceptible: Mycoplasma, Toxoplasma
Used occasionally to treat anaerobic infections (abscess) and osteomyelitis caused by susceptible G+
Distributed into most tissues including bone, bile, synovial fluids, penetrates well into abscess

45
Q

Clindamycin and lincomycin adr

A

Metabolised in liver
Caution in liver or renal dysfunction
Halve dose when use with Marbofloxacin in raptors
GI irritation, V+
Injectables available but seldom used due to irritation and necrosis at site of injection

46
Q

Licomycin dose rate

A

50-75mg/kg PO q12h

500-750mg/L of water

47
Q

Lincomycin pk

A

Lincosamide (Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis) but less active than clindamycin
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on conc. of the drug at the infection site and susceptibility of organism
Anaerobes
Most G+ aerobic cocci (including Staph, Strep)
Generally susceptible: Mycoplasma
Distributed into most tissues including bone, synovial fluids - osteomyelitis
Usually combined with spectinomycin (enhance activity against Mycoplasma) - in water use has nil egg WHP and 10D for meat (DNU injectable!)
Treat respiratory and GIT infections caused by G+ and Mycoplasma

48
Q

Metronidazole dose

A

10-50mg/kg PO q12-24h for 5-7 days

Protozoa: 50mg/kg PO q12-24h; 40-80mg/L water for 3 days

49
Q

Metronidazole PK

A

Synthetic Nitroimidazole with bacteriocidal and antiprotozoal activity
Many G+ obligate anaerobes
Most G- obligate anaerobes
Highly effective against many protozoa (Trichomonas, Giardia, Cochlosoma, Histomonas, Hexamita)
Well absorbed from GIT
Highly lipophilic and penetrates bones, CNS and abscess
Also use for management of hepatic encephalopathy: Metronidazole may have effects on the immune system by modulating cell-mediated immune responses. It is absorbed well from the GI tract and diffuses into many tissues including bone, CSF and abscesses.

50
Q

Metronidazole ADR

A

Contraindications:
use in caution with hepatic dysfunction
Do not use in very small birds, such as Zebra finches, due to toxicity
Phenobarbital or phenytoin may enhance metabolism of metronidazole.
ADRs:
neurologic disorders - Prolonged therapy or the presence of pre-existing hepatic disease may predispose to CNS toxicity.
lethargy
weakness
hepatotoxicity
neutropenia
GI: anorexia, nausea, V+, D

51
Q

TMS dose

A

Trimethoprim Sulphadiazine - vet formulation:
- 20mg/kg SC, IM q12h
- 30mg/kg PO w/ Pyrimethamine for Sarcocystitis
- 12-60mg/kg PO q12h - raptors
- 475-950mg/L of water for 5-7 days
Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim) - medical formulation:
Each 5ml paediatric suspension has 200mg S and 40mg T = 48mg/ml
- 100mg/kg PO Q12h

52
Q

TMS PK

A

T is bactericidal. S is bacteriostatic. Combined = Bactericidal
TMS blocks sequential steps in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor required for the synthesis of many molecules, including nucleic acids. Done so in two-step mechanism ensuring bacterial resistance develops more slowly than either agent alone.
Excellent G+ and G- spectrum
- Nocardia
- most Streptoccocci
- many strains of Staphylococcus
- Gram-negative bacilli, Brucella
—- Pseudomonas, Leptospira and some strains of Enterobacteriacae are resistant
- Effective against some Coccidia and Toxoplasma
Used in combination therapy (w/ pyrimethamine) for Sarcocystis infection
Little activity against most anaerobes
Often the drug of choice when using the oral route to deliver antibiotics to treat G- infections in nestling birds

53
Q

TMS ADRs

A

Contraindications:
- hepatopathy
- renal insufficiency (ensure patients receiving sulphonamides are well hydrated and are not receiving urinary acidifying agents)
–beware use in reptiles when renal disease suspected
- Avoid use in animals with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)or previous history of adverse reaction to sulphonamides eg KCS or polyarthritis
ADRs:
- injectable product may cause irritation and necrosis at site of injection
- may form crystals and damage renal glomeruli in dehydrated birds and those with renal
compromise. Thus, if serum uric acid is elevated, select another drug
- some birds (esp. Macaws) suffer GI upset and will regurgitate 1-3hr after oral dose.
Incidence can be reduced if the drug is added to a small amount of food
- acute hypersensitivities possible with sulphonamide - may manifest type III reaction
- sulphonamides may reversibly suppress thyroid function

54
Q

Amphotericin B dose

A

Systemic fungal infections: 1–1.5 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 3–5 days (give with 10–15 ml/kg saline)
1 mg/kg in 2 ml sterile water intratracheal q8–12h for 12 days then q48h for 5 weeks;
Parrots: 100–300 mg/kg PO q12–24h for Macrorhabdus infection
Passerines: 100,000 IU/kg PO q8–12h or 1–5 g/l drinking water or 1 mg/ml in saline nebulized for 15 min q12h.

55
Q

Amphotericin B PK

A

Binds to sterols in fungal cell membrane creating pores and allowing leakage of contents.
Usually fungistatic but can be fungicidal against some organism depending on drug concentration
Orally for treatment of Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
Active against both yeast and hyphal fungi
Poorly absorbed from GIT otherwise
Widely distributed when given IV, but only minor systemic absorption with aerosol or topical administration
For Aspergillus must be administered IV, topically or by nebulization
Topical solutions must be diluted before flushing into closed spaces (i.e. sinuses) to prevent irritation
Combine with itraconazole for best response (less so fluconazole and terbinafine)

56
Q

Amphotericin B ADRs

A

Contraindications: IV: Do not use in renal or hepatic failure.
Nephrotoxicity is a major concern; do not use other nephrotoxic drugs concurrently. Nephrotoxicity may be reduced by saline infusion (20 ml/kg over 60 minutes) prior to administration of amphotericin B.
ADRs:
Include hypokalaemia, leading to cardiac arrhythmias, phlebitis, hepatic failure, renal failure, vomiting, diarrhoea, pyrexia, muscle and joint pain, anorexia and anaphylactoid reactions.
Fever and vomiting may be decreased by pretreating with aspirin, diphenhydramine or an antiemetic.
Amphotericin B is toxic to birds when administered systemically; administer fluids and monitor carefully if giving i.v.
Care is needed if amphotericin B is nebulized as birds may ingest it when preening.
Can cause bronchospasm in humans if nebulized

57
Q

Itraconazole dose

A

5-10mg/kg PO q24h (with food) for at least 1 month after signs have resolved
Others suggested starting at BID for 5 days then move onto SID for the remainder of the course i.e. SID for 2-3 months
Aspergillosis Prophylaxis: 10-20mg/kg SID in susceptible spp (raptors, penguins) - should be started 5 days prior to anticipated stressful event if possible

58
Q

Itraconazole PK

A

Oral for systemic mycosis
- aspergillosis (more effective than other azoles and amphotericin B)
- GIT and cutaneous candidiasis
- Cryptococcus
- Zygomycetes spp.
- Dermatophytosis
- Fungal infection in CNS and eye
Probably more effective than ketoconazole, but more expensive
Less toxic than amphotericin B
In combination with nebulized clotrimazole or IV amphotericin B

59
Q

Itraconazole/Voriconazole ADRs

A 
Contraindications:
Pregnancy
Avoid if liver disease present
Can increase plasma concentrations of digoxin, benzodiazepines, glucocorticoids and vincristine
ADRs:
GI effects (anorexia, weight loss, V+)
hepatotoxicity
Not recommended for use in African Grey - idiosynchratic reaction that may be lethal. Cause sensitivities including anorexia and depression. Use at 2.5-5mg/kg PO q24h if necessary
60
Q

Voriconazole PK

A

Aspergillus or other fungal organisms in African Greys
Approved for human use in aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis but effective
against many other fungal organisms too.
Higher doses may be needed to maintain plasma conc. during long-term treatment
Safety and efficacy of various treatment in this species require investigations

61
Q

Voriconazole dose

A

12-18mg/kg PO q12h for 30-60 days

62
Q

Nystatin dose

A

300,000 units/kg PO q12h 5-10 days

63
Q

Nystatin PK

A

Binding ergosterol in cell membrane and alters the permeability allowing cellular constituents to “leak out” leading to cell death
Most strains of Candida (particularly C. albicans) and other yeasts that is confined to the GIT
Not systemically absorbed
Must come into contact with yeast to be effective (tube feeding may bypass oral lesions)
Do not mix with hand-rearing formulae to ensure concentration and contact times are maximized

64
Q

Amprolium PK/dose

A

In-water medication for 5-7 days but for severe outbreaks continue with half-strength for longer. Discard every 24 hours.
Solution is 3.84% - for pigeons put 28ml in 4.5L water.
Passerines: 50-100mg/L
Coccidiostat
Thiamine analogue that disrupts protozoal metabolism.
Coccidiosis in homing/racing pigeons and small mammals.
Limit duration of therapy to 2 weeks.
• Competitively inhibits thiamine utilization by parasites
• Coccidia
• Sarcocystis
• Resistance is common
• Treatment period >2w may require supplementation of folic acid
• All treatments should be repeated after 5 days to allow for the prepatent period of Coccidia

65
Q

Amprolium ADR

A

Prolonged high doses can cause thiamine deficiency.

occasional GI or neuro effects

66
Q

Carnidazole dose rate

A

Raptors: 25–30 mg/kg PO
Psittacids: 30–50 mg/kg PO repeat after 2 weeks;
Pigeons: 12.5–25 mg PO

67
Q

Carnidazole PK

A

Coccidiocidal; mode of action not known.
Pigeon canker (Trichomonas columbae); treat all birds in loft simultaneously.
It should be used in conjunction with good loft hygiene, including disinfection of feed and water bowls.
Not to be used in birds intended for human consumption

68
Q

Ivermectin

A

0.2mg/kg SC/PO/topical repeat q7-14 days
1mg/kg for capillariasis and serratospiculum
macrocyclic lactone that affects the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synapse to
stimulate excessive release of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter in nematodes). In many species
of animals, it does not cross the blood brain barrier; however, in certain species, neurologic signs
can occur following ivermectin administration, even at recommended doses.

69
Q

Levamisole

A

20mg/kg PO once for nematodes, 40mg/kg for capillariasis (parrots)
100-200mg/L of water for 3 days, repeat in 2w (passerines)
Immunostimulant: 2-5mg/kg SC/IM repeat in 10-14 days x 3 treatments

70
Q

Levamisole PK

A

Imidithiazoles
Anthelmintic with immunostimulation properties
Nematodes
Interferes with nematode CHO metabolism
Causing paralysis of the parasite
Low therapeutic index (toxic reactions and deaths reported)

71
Q

Levamisole ADR

A

Not recommended in finches, lories or debilitated birds
ADRs:
regurgitation (need to withold food prior), anorexia, D+
agranulocytosis
neurological signs (ataxia, head tilt, torticollis)
feature of toxicity (pulmonary oedema) dyspnea.
Death by asphyxia and respiratory failure
IM administration may cause severe toxicity

72
Q

Moxidectin dose/PK

A

0.2mg/kg SC/PO repeat q7-14 days
Macrocyclic lactones (avermectins, milbemycins)
Ascarids
Other nematodes (Capillaria, Spiruroid, Acuaria, Heterakis)
Blood sucking external parasites
Cnemidocoptes spp. (Keratin consuming external parasites)
Toxicity low

73
Q

Moxidectin ADRs

A 
OD and idiosyncratic reactions include:
-        severe depression
-        inactivity
-        excessive sleeping
-        neurological signs
-        anorexia
Budgies, African finches and European finches may be more sensitive
74
Q

Ronidazole dose/PK

A

50-400mg/L drinking water x 5 days (passerines)
6-10mg/kg PO x 6-10 days
600mg/L of water for 7 days (pigeons trichonomonas tx)
nitroimidazole antibiotic/antiprotozoal
treatment of choice for Trichomoniasis in pigeons

75
Q

Ronidazole ADRs

A

toxicity documented with overdose in drinking water in society finches
Potentially carcinogenic, avoid human exposure
Reversible neurotoxicity at higher doses:
- lethargic
- anorexia
- ataxia
- seizures
- behavioural changes
• GI effects possible

76
Q

Toltrazuril dose

A

7mg/kg orally q24 for 3 days

77
Q

Toltrazuril PK

A

Damages all intracellular development stages of Eimeria spp.
Interferes with the division of the nucleus and with the activity of the mitochondria, which are responsible for the respiratory metabolism of coccidia.
• Antiprotozoal
• Coccidiocidal
• Atoxoplasma in canaries
• Sarcocystis
• Toxoplasma

78
Q

Toltrazuril ADRs

A

GIT signs - anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea

79
Q

Fenbendazole dose/PK

A

Nematodes: 20-100mg/kg PO may need to repeat in 2 weeks
Giardia: 50mg/kg PO SID for 3 days
Benzimidazole - bind to tubulin, which interferes with mitosis. Their binding affinity is greater to parasitic tubulin, which interferes with the parasite cytoskeleton

80
Q

Fenbendazole ADR

A

This pancytopenia can lead to severe immunosuppression and subsequent bacterial and/or fungal infections, which may be fatal in a number of species
Blood dyscrasias reported in birds of prey/vultures
Can cause CNS signs
can damage feathers if given during new feather growth.
The feathers that develop during this period appear dysplastic and brittle, breaking easily.

Avian Medicine (1 decks)

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