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Pharmo exam 2 > Pharmo Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmo Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Science concerned with what happens in an animal with regards to a drugs absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

A

drug kinetics

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2
Q

Drug absorption is based upon(2)

A

pH of drug, pH of area

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3
Q

oral drugs usually have a pH of

A

5-8

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4
Q

rendered inactive when comes into contact with acidic environment

A

acid labile

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5
Q

most drugs are

A

labile

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6
Q

3 ways to change labile drugs to stabile drugs

A
  1. chemical alteration 2. coating 3. spheroids in capsule
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7
Q

Alterate drug to acid stabile by

A

adding substance that will lower pH

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8
Q

delays release of drug for approx 6-8 hours

A

delayed release

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9
Q

gradually releases drug periodically over 12 hour period

A

sustained release

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10
Q

main advantage of sustained release

A

longer duration of action

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11
Q

solution or suspensions absorb faster

A

solution

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12
Q

Factors of IM drug depot(5)

A

1.amount 2.tissue type 3.hydration status 4.solubility 5.drug state

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13
Q

IV used for(4)

A

drugs irritating to tissue, large amounts, high conc, fast onset of action

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14
Q

topical administration called

A

percutaneous absorption

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15
Q

factors of topical drug absorption

A

1.disrupts outer layer of skin 2.dissolves/mixes with oil 3. applied to thin skin area 4.rubbed vigorously 5. high conc

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16
Q

3 types of ointments bases

A

epidermis, endodermis, diadermic

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17
Q

no slight penetration of drug through the skin

A

epidermic

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18
Q

allows penetration of drug through all skin layers

A

diadermic

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19
Q

penetration of drug to deeper skin layers

A

endodermic

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20
Q

example of diadermic base

A

liniment

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21
Q

ointment base that absorbs twice its weight in water

A

hydrophilic base

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22
Q

hydrophobic bases used in

A

wet to dry bandages

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23
Q

inhalation absorption dependent on (3)

A

1.rich blood supply 2.thinned walled capillary system 3.small particle size

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24
Q

inactive form of drug

A

dissociated of ionized

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25
Q

active form of drug

A

non-charged, non-dissociated

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26
Q

what gives drug its pH

A

degree of dissociation

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27
Q

drugs are more undissociated at their

A

inherent pH

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28
Q

drugs become more dissociated at pHs

A

farther from their pH

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29
Q

oral drugs most absorption occurs in

A

the small intestines due to neutral pH

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30
Q

define pKa

A

pH where there is equilibrium because ionized and non-ionized

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31
Q

pKa helps determine whether a drug is

A

acidic or alkaline

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32
Q

main factors that effect distribution(5)

A

1.concentration 2.plasma binding ability 3. adipose tissue 4.blood brain barrier 5.nutritional status of pt

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33
Q

conc. gradient rule; the greater the difference in

A

concentration, the better the chance for distribution of the drug to that area

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34
Q

main limiting factor, prevents drug from distribution to certain parts of the body

A

plasma binding ability

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35
Q

Drug that has high plasma binding ability

A

lipid soluble drugs

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36
Q

clinical effect of lipid soluble drugs(2)

A

remains in body for long periods of time, slower onset of action

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37
Q

drug with decreased plasma binding ability

A

water soluble drugs

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38
Q

water soluble drugs dissolve in the

A

aqueous portion of the blood

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39
Q

water soluble drugs are referred to as

A

free or unbound drugs

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40
Q

clinical effect of water soluble drugs

A

fast onset, short duration of action

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41
Q

drug that can cross placenta into fetal tissue

A

water soluble “free” drugs

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42
Q

increase fatty tissue leads to

A

increase concentration of the drug

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43
Q

increase storage of drug in fatty tissue may lead to

A

increase adverse effects

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44
Q

dose obese patients based on

A

ideal weight

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45
Q

drugs that can pass the blood brain barrier

A

very small water soluble drugs and all lipid soluble drugs

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46
Q

drug that effects brain faster

A

lipid soluble

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47
Q

drug that effects tissue faster

A

water soluble

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48
Q

increase hydration leads to

A

decrease peak serum levels of the drug

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49
Q

dehydration leads to

A

increase peak serum levels of the drug

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50
Q

Chemical alteration of a drug by an animal

A

biotransformation

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51
Q

actual cells that detox drugs in the liver

A

microsomes

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52
Q

amount of time required for half of the given dose to be rendered inactive or eliminated

A

biological half-life

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53
Q

which drug remains in body longer

A

fat soluble (bound) drugs

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54
Q

drug metabolizing enzyme reacts with drug molecules to make

A

them more water soluble (ionized)

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55
Q

4 microsomal enzyme chemical reactions

A

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation

56
Q

microsomal enzyme chemical reaction that most drugs undergo

A

conjugation

57
Q

mechanism of conjugation

A

addition of glucaronic acid to drug molecules

58
Q

to conjugate drugs need

A

glucaronic forming enzyme

59
Q

__soluble drug under goes more biotransformation

A

lipid

60
Q

type of animals that lack the ability to conjugate drugs

A

cats, old, young

61
Q

4 main routes of elimination

A

kidney, biliary system, intestines, lungs

62
Q

two secretory mechanisms of the kidney

A

glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

63
Q

both routes of kidney only eliminates

A

ionized form of the drug

64
Q

non ionized drugs only make it to

A

the loop of henle

65
Q

transfer to loop of henle is

A

active transport

66
Q

kidney tubular secretion drug is

A

secreted directly into the tubules from the blood stream bypassing the glomerulus

67
Q

main drugs using tubular secretion is

A

penicillin

68
Q

drug excreted from liver into common bile duct and then into intestines is

A

biliary excretion

69
Q

through biliary excretion drug may be

A

eliminated through intestines or reabsorbed by the liver for more biotransformation

70
Q

biliary excretion is also called

A

enterohepatic circulation and recirculation

71
Q

intestinal excretion excretes drugs that

A

are oral and not absorbed systemically

72
Q

drugs that go through intestinal filtration are(4)

A

anti-diarrheal, antihelminthics, adsorbant, laxative

73
Q

urine excretion is directly proportional to

A

glomerular filtration

74
Q

urine excretion is inversely proportional to

A

tubular reabsorption

75
Q

most abundant electrolyte in the body is

A

sodium and chloride

76
Q

Most common type of diuretic drug

A

tubular reabsorption inhibitor

77
Q

mechanism of tubular reabsorption inhibitors diuretics

A

tubular reabsorption is inhibited and electrolytes are trailed inside renal tubule, causing osmosis from tissues to tubules

78
Q

main action of tubular reabsorption inhibitors(3)

A

1.inhibit tubular reabsorption 2. increase glomerular filtration 3.create large osmotic pressure

79
Q

main electrolyte loss due to diuretics

A

K+

80
Q

Least potent of tubular inhibitors

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI)

81
Q

Main usage of Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

glaucome patients

82
Q

standard generic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

acetazolamide

83
Q

Tubular reabsorption inhibitors (4)

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Loop Dieretics, Thiazamides, organomercurials

84
Q

standard generic thiazide

A

hydrochlorothiazide

85
Q

thiazide also called

A

benzothiazide

86
Q

example of a loop diuretic

A

Furosemide (lasix)

87
Q

IV administration of a loop diuertic increases

A

glomerular filtration rate

88
Q

loop diuretics form

A

elixir, well absorbed orally

89
Q

loop diuretics are often used to treat

A

pulmonary edema, CHF

90
Q

action of organomercurials

A

inhibit tubular reabsorption of Na and Cl

91
Q

Which is an emergency diuretic

A

organomerurials

92
Q

main disadvantage of organomercurials

A

Mild kidney irritation even in therapeutic dosages

93
Q

organomercurial route

A

most often IV

94
Q

generic name of organomercurials

A

mercaptomerin

95
Q

osmotic diuretics do what

A

creates large osmotic pressure difference, vasodilation

96
Q

osmotic diuretic route of administration

A

IV

97
Q

osmotic diuretics used for

A

glaucoma, cerebral edema

98
Q

main osmostic diuretic durgs used

A

mannitol (osmitrol)

99
Q

osmotic diuretics dont directly effect

A

the kidneys

100
Q

normal blood glucose for canine

A

70-110mg/dl

101
Q

normal blood glucose for feline

A

80-120mg/dl

102
Q

renal threshold also called

A

transport maximum

103
Q

normal range of renal threshold

A

180-200mg/dl

104
Q

if glucose is more than transport max

A

glucose gets peed out

105
Q

if glucose is less than the renal threshold

A

glucose get reabsorbed

106
Q

classes of insulin

A

rapid, intermediate, long

107
Q

concentrations of insulin

A

40,100,500 units/ml

108
Q

40u/ml color and for

A

red, cats

109
Q

100u/ml color and for

A

orange, dogs

110
Q

500u/ml color and for

A

grey, humans

111
Q

regular insulin is used for

A

rapid action, emergency, ketoacidosis

112
Q

form that regular insulin comes in

A

solution

113
Q

NPH (lente) is used for

A

maintenance in dogs

114
Q

form of NPH

A

suspension

115
Q

NPH stands for

A

neutral protamine hagadorn

116
Q

PZI(ulta lente) stands for

A

Protamine zinc insulin

117
Q

form that PZI is in

A

suspension

118
Q

duration of action PZI

A

longest duration of action, long acting

119
Q

PZI used for

A

maintenance in cats, cats have fast metabolism

120
Q

brand names of PZI

A

Vetsulin, Levemir, Detemir

121
Q

cats recover _% of the time

A

40-50%

122
Q

most common route of administration for insulin

A

subQ

123
Q

advantages of insulin going subQ

A

gradual onset, longer duration of action

124
Q

insulin only injected IV when

A

its regular insulin and for emergency

125
Q

NPH dosage for small dogs (30lbs or less)

A

0.5 units/lb in the AM

126
Q

NPH dosage for large dogs

A

.22units/lb in the AM

127
Q

feline PZI dosage

A

.1-.5 units/lb in AM

128
Q

lowest recommended blood glucose level

A

80-120mg/dl 12 hours post administration

129
Q

highest recommended blood glucose level

A

180-200mg/dl 24hours post administration

130
Q

how to fix minor complications

A

titrate dose up or down

131
Q

another name for major complication

A

somoygi effect

132
Q

somoygi effect is

A

insulin induced hyperglycemia, glucagon dumped out into blood

133
Q

how to fix major complication

A

switch insulin or to BID

134
Q

handling of insulin

A

must be mixed(suspension) roll back and forth

135
Q

storage of insulin

A

keep in fridge

136
Q

at room temperature insulins lasts

A

1 week

137
Q

in the fridge, insulin will last

A

1 month

Pharmo exam 2 (1 decks)

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