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Animal Health and Disease > Pharmocology > Flashcards

Pharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drugs through the body and their fate

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2
Q

Define pharmodynamics

A

Effects of a drug on the body and the mechanisms of their actions

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3
Q

What factors affect the rate of absorption?

A
  • Dosage form
  • Physical and chemical characteristics of the drug
  • Blood flow at the site of administration/absorption
  • Route of administration
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4
Q

What are the 2 classes of absorption?

A
  1. Enteral: oral, sublingual, rectal
  2. Parental: intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of oral administration?

A
  • Release from dosage form
  • The presence of food
  • Gastric acid secretion
  • Irritation of gastric mucosa
  • Microorganisms and gut
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6
Q

How are drugs targeted to specific regions of the body?

A
  • Coating specific to pH of targeted region
  • Certain foods must be avoided for the enzyme to not target the food instead of the desired region
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7
Q

True or false: hydrophilic forms are absorbed more rapidly than those in the lipophilic form

A

True

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8
Q

Are lipophilic forms more readily absorbed oraly?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What part of the drug is the ionised (charged) portion?

A

The hydrophilic form

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10
Q

What part of the drug is the non-ionised (uncharged) portion?

A

The lipophilic form

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11
Q

What factors affect the distribution rate of drugs?

A
  • Regional blood flow
  • Lipid solubility of the drug
  • Extent of protein binding
  • Existence of an active transport system
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12
Q

What functional barriers exist within the body?

A
  • Blood-brain barrier
  • Penetration into bone
  • Walls of abscesses
  • Access to mammary tissue/ prostate tissue/ ocular globe
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of protein binding in relation to drug reactions?

A
  • Blood contains plasma proteins which can bind to specific hormones or compounds used by the body
  • The chemical properties of a drug can cause some of the drug to bind to these proteins
  • The protein bound portion of the drug is unable to distribute to the tissues
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14
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration against a concentration gradient

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15
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration aided by a carrier

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16
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane from a low to high concentration against a concentration gradient

17
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Cell takes in fluids alongside dissolved small molecules

18
Q

What are the attributes of drugs undergoung metabolic conversions?

A
  • May reduce the drugs water/fat solubility to increase ease of excretion
  • Some drugs need to be metabolised to their active form
19
Q

What are the sites of drug metabolism?

A
  • Liver (major/main site)
  • Kidney
  • Lungs
  • Plasma
20
Q

What happens during the phase 1 stage of metabolic reactions?

A
  • Oxidation: loss of electrons
  • Reduction: gain of electrons
  • Hydrolysis: splitting of drug molecule and addition of water molecule to each portion
21
Q

What happens during the phase 2 stage of metabolic reactions?

A
  • Involves conjugation
  • Chemical groups involved: glucuronic acid, sulphate, methyl. acetyl, glutathiane
  • Conjugating enzymes exist in many isoforms and show relative substrate and metabolite specificity
22
Q

What factors affect drug metabolism?

A
  • Species differences
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Nutrition
  • Pregnancy
  • Disease
23
Q

Define clearance

A

The volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time

24
Q

List some examples of how drugs are excreted from the body

A
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Sweat glands
25
Q

What factors affect excretion?

A
  • Protein binding
  • Renal blood flow
  • Tubular reabsorption in kidney of lipid-soluble drugs when concentration in tubule rises
26
Q

What are the stages of hepatic excretion?

A
  1. Drug in circulation
  2. Passive diffusion into the hepatocyte
  3. Excreted into the bile
  4. Passes into the GIT
  5. May undergo enterohepatic circulation
27
Q

Define half life

A

Time taken for the drug concentration to be decreased by 50%

28
Q

What considerations must be taken into account for pharmacodynamics?

A
  • Drug-receptor complexes
  • Non-receptor mediated reactions
  • Side effects and toxicity
  • Drug-drug interactions
  • Drug-food interactions
29
Q

What are the 4 stages of the drug-receptor complex?

A

A. Active transmembrane ion channels
B. Activate enzymes in the cell
C. Activate internal proteins
D. Activate intracellular receptors: lipid soluble drugs

30
Q

How do Chelates work being non-receptor-mediated reactions?

A
  • Physically combine with ions/specific compounds to produce their effects
  • E.g. EDTA combines with Ca 2+ in blood to prevent clotting mechanism
31
Q

How do antacid drugs work being non-receptor-mediated reactions?

A
  • Combine with HCl in stomach to form a weaker acid reducing stomach acid
32
Q

What is the WHO definition to ‘side effects’?

A

Any response to a drug which is noxious, unintended and occurs at doses used for prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy

33
Q

What is a therapeutic index?

A

The margin of safety which a drug is termed

34
Q

How is the therapeutic index calculated?

A

TI= Lethal dose in 50% of animals/Effective dose in 50% of animals

35
Q

List different common drug side effects

A
  • Gastrointestinal: Nausea, constipation
  • Nervous system: seizures, tremors
  • Dermatological: Depression, confusion
  • Blood disorders: anaemia
36
Q

What is the classification of Adverse reactions under the Veterinary Medicines Directorate?

A

A= Enhanced drug effect (predictability, dose dependant, low mortality)
B= Allergic reactions (unpredictable, high mortality)
C= Due to continuous therapy (When patients are on long term therapy)
D= Occurs a long time after treatment (Link to therapy may not be obvious)
E= Occurs on withdrawal of treatment (Often related to sudden drug withdrawal)

37
Q

What are drug-drug interactions?

A
  • Occurs when the effect of one drug are altered by the effects of another
  • Drugs likely to be involved in interactions: highly protein-bound drugs, drugs with low TI
38
Q

What can have an impact on drug-food interactions?

A
  • Stomach acidity can affect the dissolution and absorption of some drugs
  • Drugs requiring an acidic environment for absorption should be given on empty stomach
  • Tetracyclines easily bind to Ca2+ ions so absorption is decreased when administered with dairy products or food
39
Q

List the major drug classes

A
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Opioids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Anti-emetics
  • Analgesics and anaesthetics

Animal Health and Disease (6 decks)

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