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Regional Anatomy > Pharynx + prevertebral region > Flashcards

Pharynx + prevertebral region Flashcards

1
Q

When does pharynx become oesophagus?

A

At C6

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2
Q

The pharynx is covered in what type of epithelium?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium superiorly to stratified squamous inferiorly

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3
Q

Layers of the pharynx?

A

Epithelium

Fibrous layer under epithelium = connects from base of skull to submucous coat of oesophagus

Muscular layer under fibrous layer = has circular constrictor muscles + longitudinal muscles

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4
Q

Divisions of pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx = above soft palate (post. to nasal cavities)

Oropharynx = between soft palate and epiglottis (post. to oral cavity)

Laryngopharynx = below epiglottis (post. to larynx to blend with oesophagus)

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5
Q

Nasopharynx found?

Boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

You’re at the Nile, with a sphinx, waterslide, sunbed, cat, ichthyosaur

Nasopharynx = posterior to nasal cavities above soft palate

Roof = sphenoid, occipital + pharyngeal tonsil
Floor = soft palate + pharyngeal isthmus
Anterior = nasal cavities
Posterior = roof + C1 level
Lateral = eustachian tube + salpingopharyngeal fold
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6
Q

Label

A
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7
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

Star?

A

Blue arrow = eustachian tube

Star = salpingopharyngeus (longitudinal muscle of pharynx)

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8
Q

Oropharynx found?

Boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Oropharynx = from soft palate to epiglottis

Roof = soft palate
Floor = post. 1/3 tongue, lingual tonsil, glossoepiglottic folds
Anterior = mouth
Posterior = C2/3 level
Lateral = palatoglossal + palatopharyngeal folds + palatine tonsil
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9
Q

Which area of the pharynx is labelled here?

A

Nasopharynx

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10
Q

Which area of the pharynx is labelled here?

A

Oropharynx

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11
Q

Label

A
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12
Q

Label

A
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13
Q

Palatoglossus + palatopharyngeus functions?

A

Form the arches at the back of the mouth

Contribute to movements of the soft palate, tongue and pharynx

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14
Q

Laryngopharynx found?

Boundaries of laryngopharynx?

A

Laryngopharynx = behind larynx

Anterior = larynx
Posterior = C3-C6 vertebrae
Lateral = thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold + thyrohyoid membrane
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15
Q

Which area of the pharynx is labelled here?

A

Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

What is labelled here?

A

Superior constrictor

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17
Q

What forms the connection between the lateral wall of the oral cavity and the oropharynx?

A

The pterygomandibular ligament

Provides attachment for buccinator (lateral wall) anteriorly + superior constrictor posteriorly (oropharynx)

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18
Q

Attachments of superior constrictor muscle?

A

From medial pterygoid plate, hamulus, pterygomandibular ligament, mandible + side of tongue to
—> pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone, fibrous raphe + middle constrictor

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19
Q

Function superior constrictor muscle?

A

Upper fibres pull posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to close off nasopharynx

Propel food to middle constrictor

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20
Q

Innervation superior constrictor?

A

All constrictor muscles = vagus nerve in pharyngeal plexus

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21
Q

Middle constrictor attachments?

A

From stylohoid ligament to greater + lesser cornua of hyoid bone + raphe (also blend with superior + inferior constrictor)

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22
Q

Label

A

Middle constrictor

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23
Q

Function middle constrictor?

Innervation?

A

Propels food towards inferior constrictor

Innervation = vagus nerve from pharyngeal plexus

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24
Q

Label

A

Inferior constrictor

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25
Q

Attachments inferior constrictor?

A

From lamina of thyroid cartilage + cricoid cartilage to

—> raphe (blends with middle constrictor + oesopheagus)

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26
Q

Function inferior constrictor?

Innervation?

A

Propels food to oesophagus

Innervation = vagus from pharyngeal plexus

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27
Q

Label inferior constrictor

A
28
Q

Parts of inferior constrictor?
Function?
Innervation?

A 
Thyropharyngeus = fibres pass to midline
Cricopharyngeus = more circular

Cricopharyngeus thought to close end of pharynx to stop air passing into oesphagus

All constrictor muscles receive innervation from vagus - EXCEPT cricopharyngeus (external laryngeal nerve from vagus)

29
Q

Which structure is this?

A

Inferior constrictor muscle

30
Q

Longitudinal muscles of pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

31
Q

Label

A

Longitudinal muscles of pharynx

32
Q

Stylopharyngeus attachments?

Relations?

A

From base of styloid process to
—> posterior border of thyroid cartilage

It passes across the internal carotid artery
It passes between the superior + middle constrictors

33
Q

Stylopharyngeus function?

Innervation?

A

Elevates larynx + pharynx during swallowing

Innervation = glossopharyngeal nerve (odd one out)

34
Q

Which muscle is this?

A

Stylopharyngeus

35
Q

Salpingopharyngeus attachments?
Function?
Innervation?

A

From cartilage of auditory tube to blend with palatopharyngeus (to attach onto thyroid cartilage)

Function = elevates larynx

Innervation = vagus nerve from pharyngeal plexus

36
Q

Palatopharyngeus attachments?
Function?
Innervation?

A

From hard palate + palatine aponeurosis to
—> lamina of thryoid cartilage (post)

Function = elevates pharynx

Innervation = vagus nerve from pharyngeal plexus

37
Q

Folds formed by longitudinal muscles of pharynx?

A

Salpingopharyngeus forms a fold in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

Palatopharyngeus forms a fold in the lateral wall of the oropharynx

38
Q

Label

A
39
Q

Label

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve between oesophagus and trachea then passes inferior to inferior constrictor of pharynx

40
Q

Label (posterior view)

A
41
Q

What form a ring of protective lymphoid tissue around the openings of nasopharynx + oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils + lingual tonsil

42
Q

Sensory innervation of pharynx?

A 
Nasopharynx = maxillary division of trigeminal
Oropharynx = glossopharyngeal
Laryngopharynx = vagus
43
Q

Label (posterior view)

A
44
Q

Which nerves contribute to the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus + sympathetic

Vagus supplies muscles of soft palate except tensor veli palatini (CNV3)

45
Q

Label

A
46
Q

Blood supply to pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branches from maxillary artery (nasopharynx)

Ascending pharyngeal artery from external carotid artery

47
Q

Label veins of pharynx

A

The pharyngeal veins form a plexus that communicates with the facial and internal jugular veins

48
Q

Lymph drainage pharynx?

A

Lymph drains to retropharyngeal + paratracheal nodes then —> to deep cervical nodes

49
Q

Pre-vertebral (anterior) muscles?

Where are they found?

A

Longus colli
Longus capitis
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis

Lie posterior to the pharynx

50
Q
A
51
Q

Longus capitis attachments?
Function?
Innervation?

A

From anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6 to —> base of occipital bone

Function = flexion of head

Innervation = ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C3

52
Q

Label

A
53
Q

Longus colli attachments?

Parts?

A

From atlas to T3

Inferior oblique, superior oblique + vertical parts

Inferior oblique = from T3 to anterior tubercle of C5/6
Superior = anterior tubercle C3-5 —> atlantal anterior tubercle
Vertical = T1-3 —> C4-6

54
Q

Longus colli function?

Innervation?

A

Flexion of neck
Inferior oblique fibres allow rotation to opposite side

Innervation = ventral rami C2-C6

55
Q

Label

A
56
Q

Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis attachments?

Function?

A

Anaterior = from root of transverse process of atlas to —> occipital bone (anterior to occipital condyle)
Flexes atlanto-occipital joint

Lateralis = from transverse process of atlas to —> occipital bone (inf surface of jugular process)
Flexes head

(equivalent of suboccipital muscles but flex head instead of extending it)

57
Q

Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis relations?

Innervation?

A

Crossed by internal jugular vein
Innervation = ventral rami of cranial nerves C1-C2

(suboccipital equivalent innervated by C1-C2 but posterior rami)

58
Q

Sympathetic ganglia of neck extend from?
Anatomical relations?
Where is it found in the neck?
Comprised of?

A

From base of skull to thoracic chain

Medial to vagus nerve
Behind internal + common carotid arteries

Embedded in deep fascia between carotid sheath and fascia over surface of longus capitis + longus coli

In the neck, it is comprised of 3 interconnected ganglia: superior, middle + inferior cervical ganglia

59
Q

Function of sympathetic ganglia in neck?

A

Sympathetic innervation to skin, sweat glands, blood vessels

60
Q

Superior cervical ganglia found?
Course?
Communications?

A

Large, immediately below skull

Fibres wind around carotid arteries into carotid canal to form internal carotid plexus

Communicates with C1-C4 ventral rami via grey rami communicantes

61
Q

Branches of superior cervical ganglia?

A

Internal carotid nerve (travels with internal carotid artery to supply head)

External carotid nerve

Pharyngeal branches join with vagus + glossopharyngeal nerves to form pharyngeal plexus

Nerves to cranial nerves 9, 10, 12

Superior cardiac nerve - plexus in thorax

62
Q

Label

A

Superior cervical ganlgion

63
Q

Middle cervical ganglion found?
Anatomical relations?

Branches?

A

Small, at level of cricoid cartilage

Anterior to loop of inferior thyroid artery

Grey rami communicantes to C5+6 ventral rami
Thyroid branches travel with thyroid arteries to supply thyroid
Middle cardiac branch - cardiac plexus

Also forms the ansa subclavia!
Loops around subclavian artery (do not confuse with ansa cervicalis that carries C1-3 fibres to strap muscles + overlies carotid sheath)

64
Q

Label

A
65
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion found?

Branches?

A

Usually fused with 1st thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion, lies behind vertebral artery between transverse process of C7 + head of 1st rib

Grey rami communicantes to ventral rami of C7, 8
Branches to subclavian and vertebral arteries
Inferior cardiac branch - cardiac plexus

66
Q

Label

A

Inferior cervical ganglion

Regional Anatomy (14 decks)

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