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PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER > PHILOSOPHY > Flashcards

PHILOSOPHY Flashcards

1
Q

Being able to think independently, of owning one’s thoughts, and the other in the idea of choice.

A

Opinion

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2
Q

Is the process by which individuals adapt their opinion, revise their beliefs, or change their behavior as a result of social interactions with people.

A

Social Influence

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3
Q

Social Influences include…

A

Family, friends, school, church and government agencies.

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4
Q

It is a powerful, volatile, irrational ruler that people fear and need to be concerned with.

A

The Public

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

Since PERSONAL OPINIONS also have societal influences, for you to say “Respect my opinion”, you should be in a position where you are able to defend your stand or prove that your opinion has CREDIBLE FOUNDATION.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

For one to be able to form CORRECT opinions, one must be _____________.

A

Informed

(If you are not informed, whatever opinion you create will be FLAWED.)

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

Your actions, your opinions, must be CONSISTENT with your morals, your values.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

As human beings, we are endowed with ___________. And because of this, we can DELIBERATE and make CONSCIOUS decisions.

A

rationality

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9
Q

We are responsible for our actions and take responsibility for their consequences because we are __________ and ______________ agents.

A

rational, free

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10
Q

What is the main concern of MORALITY?

A

The rightness or wrongness of an action or conduct.

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11
Q

______________ refers only to human acts, that is, actions which proceed from MAN’S RATIONALITY: these are actions which are done with KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM, and VOLUNTARINESS.

A

Morality

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12
Q

__________________ - If human actions are to be judged as morally good or morally evil, there must be something against which actions could be measured good or evil.

A

The standard of norm of morality

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13
Q

This term is commonly used synonymously as “morals”.

A

Ethics

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14
Q

Although there is an affinity between ETHICS and MORALS, it is more accurate to use the term ______ to refer to the act or conduct itself and the term _____________ to the study of the morality of the act or conduct or the norms governing such conduct or act.

A

morals, ethics

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15
Q

ETHICS or MORALS?

This term refers more to the standards which individuals are encouraged to observe in their conduct.

A

Morals

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16
Q

ETHICS or MORALS?

This term consists of a rational theoretical interpretation of moral phenomena or issues.

A

Ethics

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

Ethics/Moral Philosophy as the Study or Science of the Morality of Human Acts: deals only with the issue of whether an action is good or bad.

A

FALSE. It must also state the reasons why a particular action is good or bad.

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE

It is the concern of MORAL PHILOSOPHY not only to say that abortion is evil but also to give reasons why it is evil.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

Ethics as a Philosophy: the attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of the nature of morality and what it requires us–how we ought to live and why.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

___________ can be understood as that which is objectively the goal or fulfillment of being man.

A

Good

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21
Q

It is the end or the object of the will that provides the driving force of human action and human endeavors.

A

Good

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22
Q

There are two types of good–name them.

A
  1. Real and Objective Good
  2. Apparent Good
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23
Q

This type of good appear to be good, but in reality, they are not.

A

Apparent Good

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24
Q

This type of good is where things like health and knowledge can be categorized into.

A

Real and Objective Good

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25
Q

____________ is an assessment of worth. It is what an individual or group deems to be useful, significant, or desirable. It constitutes a large part of who we are and how we live.

A

Value

26
Q

Value could either be _______ or __________.

A

objective, subjective

27
Q

Value that is independent of the assessment of men.

A

Objective Value

28
Q

Value tht is dependent on the valuation of individuals.

A

Subjective Value

29
Q

According to him, every human action involves a particular lived experience which he refers to as ethical experience.

A

Karol Wojtyla

30
Q

Determines what normal standards to follow so that our actions are morally right or good

A

Normative Ethics

31
Q

2 Types of Normative Ethics

A

General Normative Ethics
Applied Normative Ethics

32
Q

Is a reasoned search for principles of human conduct, including a critical study of major theories about good and evil.

A

General Normative Ethics

33
Q

Does not prescribe any norm or moral standard or principle

A

Non-normative Ethics

34
Q

Is a highly technical discipline that investigates the meaning of ethical terms including a critical study of how ethical statements can be verified. Concerned with meaning of ethical terms such as right, obligation, responsibility, etc.

A

Meta-Ethics

35
Q

Two types of General Normative Ethics

A

Teleological (consequential)
Deontological (non-consequential)

36
Q

Three Meta-Ethical Positions

A

Naturalism
Non-Naturalism
Emotivism

37
Q

Ethical statements can be translated into non-ethical statements

A

Naturalism

38
Q

Ethical statement that expresses the approval or disapproval of the speaker

A

Autobiographical Naturalism

39
Q

Ethical statements that expresses the approval or disapproval of the majority

A

Sociological Naturalism

40
Q

Ethical statements that expresses a divine approval or disapproval

A

Theological naturalism

41
Q

Ethical statements that defy translation into a non-ethical form. Ethical terms can be only defined in terms of other ethical words

A

Non-Naturalism

42
Q

Ethical statements are used to evoke a predetermined response or to encourage predetermined behavior.

A

Emotivism (Non-cognitivism)

43
Q

States that the ultimate criterion or standard of what is morally right or wrong or obligatory is the non-moral value that is produced by an act or rule.

A

Teleological Theories

44
Q

The rightness of an action depends upon the amount or quality of physical pleasure it promotes or the amount of pain it avoids

A

Hedonism

45
Q

Right action promotes mental and spiritual pleasure and minimizes mental and spiritual pain. Ultimate good is what will give mental serenity

A

Epicureanism

46
Q

An action is right if it promotes the self interest of an agent

A

Egoism

47
Q

The rightness of an action depends on how useful or beneficial it is opposed to how useless and harmful it is

A

Classic Utilitarianism

48
Q

The right action in a given situation is the one which would promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people in that situation

A

Act Utilitarianism

49
Q

An action is right if it improves a situation or solves a problem

A

Instrumentalism or Pragmatism

50
Q

Goodness does not always depend on the good outcome of an act or rule. Considers other factors such as the command of God or the state. Opposite of Teleological Theories

A

Deontological Theories

51
Q

Rightness established by God

A

Divine command theory

52
Q

Moral standards exist in the very fabric of nature

A

Natural law theory

53
Q

Rightness is a function of rules and institutions established in a society

A

Social Contract theory

54
Q

Human beings share certain basic rights

A

Natural Rights Theory

55
Q

Nothing was good in itself except a good will, and the will is the uniquely human capacity to act according to the concept of law or principles

A

Categorical imperative

56
Q

Moral guidelines that determine what we ought to do. It is an obligatory duty like fidelity, keeping promises, reparation, gratitude, justice, non injury and self improvement

A

Prima Facie Duties

57
Q

One should should seek to develop virtues. Stress the importance of developing good habits character, such as benevolence. If a person acquires benevolence, he acts in a benevolent manner

A

Virtue Ethics

58
Q

Are set of principles that serve as the basis in determining the morality of human actions or conduct. We use them in making moral judgements of provides reasons why an action is good or bad.

A

Ethical Theories

59
Q

Teleological Theories (6)

A

Hedonism
Epicureanism
Egoism
Classic Utilitarianism
Act Utilitarianism
Instrumentalism or pragmatism

60
Q

Deontological Theories (7)

A

Divine Command Theory
Natural Law theory
Social Contract theory
Natural rights theory
Categorical imperative
Prima Facie duties
Virtue ethics

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER (3 decks)

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