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Anatomy > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Phonation is the result of

A

Phonation is the result of muscular and aerodynamic forces.

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2
Q

Dysphonia is is a sign of

A

A perceptual sign or symptom of an underlying physiological impairment.

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3
Q

Phonation

A

Voice production, comprises the physiologic process of modulation of airflow by the vocal folds to produce acoustic sound energy.

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4
Q

Phonation occurs within the ______, or voicebox

A

Larynx

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5
Q

The larynx consists of ..

A

The larynx consists of cartilage, muscle, ligaments and other tissue that divide the respiratory tract into upper and lower segments.

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6
Q

The larynx divides the respiratory tract into upper and lower segments. The upper segments are, _______ ________ and the _______. The lower segments are the ______ ________ and the ________.

A

The larynx divides the respiratory tract into upper and lower segments. The upper segments are the pharynx, oral cavities and the nasal cavities . The lower segments are the trachea bronchi and the lungs.

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7
Q

The larynx is located..

A

Centrally in the anterior portion of the neck below the mandible.

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8
Q

Dysphonia

A

If there is a structural damage to the vocal folds or if the physiology of voice production is abnormal.

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9
Q

The larynx is a tube with an opening on each end and an inner valve. The valve is created by the_____ _______.

A

The larynx is a tube with an opening on each end and an inner valve. The valve is created by the vocal folds.

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10
Q

The larynx is a tube with an opening on each end and an inner valve. The openings are located on the superior or top and the inferior or bottom of the larynx. The superior opening of the larynx is referred to as the ..

A

Laryngeal vestibule

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11
Q

The larynx is separated from anterior cervical vertebrae (c3-c6) by the posterior ________ ________.. and ________ walls.

A

Pharyngeal cavity and pharyngeal walls

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12
Q

The laryngeal vestibule forms the superior border of the _________ tube

A

Laryngeal tube.

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13
Q

The inferior opening of the larynx is continuous with the_______ which is part of the lower airway

A

The inferior opening of the larynx is continuous with the trachea which is part of the lower airway

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14
Q

The biologic functions of the larynx are(two main things)

A

The biological functions of the larynx are to act as a valve that opens and closes and to act as a pressure generator.

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15
Q

When positioned as an open valve, the larynx allows the passage of air between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during…

A

During respiration

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16
Q

When the larynx is closed it can prevent..

A

The larynx can prevent air from reaching the upper or lower respiratory tracts and also prevents food or liquid from reaching the lower respiratory tract during swallowing.

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17
Q

When the larynx is closed it can enable the expulsion of mucus or foreign substances from the lower airway actings as a …

A

Pressure generator

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18
Q

If you take a deep breath and close the larynx trapping air below the thorax is____ ________ so that muscular effort can be maximally transferred to the limbs. This helps us to _______ ________ _______

A

If you take a deep breath and close the larynx trapping air below the thorax is firmly fixed so that muscular effort can be maximally transferred to the limbs. This helps us to lift heavy objects.

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19
Q

The larynx plays a non biological role in communication called..

A

Speech production

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20
Q

A sound that is voiced in speech is produced with..

A

A sound that is voiced in speech is produced with phonation.

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21
Q

Speech sounds such as /s/ compared to the sound /z/ are _______ or produced without phonation.

A

Speech sounds such as /s/ compared to the sound /z/ are unvoiced or produced without phonation.

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22
Q

The larynx is directly connected to______ centers of our brain (centers that control our mood)

A

The larynx is directly connected to emotional centers of our brain.

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23
Q

Phonation conveys paralinguistic information about a speakers disposition, sex, age personality and health. True or false

A

True

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24
Q

During embryonic development the laryngeal structures are formed from the branchial complex which includes the_______ arches

A

During embryonic development the laryngeal structures are formed from the branchial complex which includes the branchial or pharyngeal arches

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25
Q

The fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches develop into the ________ , ________, ________, ________, and vascular supply of the larynx.

A

The fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches develop into the cartilages ,
Muscles , ligaments , nerves, and vascular supply of the larynx.

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26
Q

The process of differentiation of laryngeal structures begins during the _______ gestational week, when the fourth pharyngeal arches begin to develop.

A

The process of differentiation of laryngeal structures begins during the third gestational week, when the fourth pharyngeal arches begin to develop.

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27
Q

During the embryonic stage of the fifth gestational week you can see the first to fourth pharyngeal arches forming many structures within the head and the neck. Laryngeal development continues through the _________ week of gestation

A

The tenth week

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28
Q

From the tenth week of gestation when the major elements of the laryngeal framework are formed to adulthood, the macroscopic elements of the larynx remain consistent. The __________ and _________ _________ of the larynx continue to grow throughout prenatal development, childhood, puberty, adulthood and advancing age.

A

From the tenth week of gestation when the major elements of the laryngeal framework are formed to adulthood, the macroscopic elements of the larynx remain consistent. The size and macroscopic structure of the larynx continue to grow throughout prenatal development, childhood, puberty, adulthood and advancing age.

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29
Q

Pharyngeal Arch

First ( mandibular arch)
Muscles

A

Pharyngeal Arch

First ( mandibular arch)
Muscles:

Masticatory muscles:
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric ( anterior belly)
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
30
Q

Pharyngeal arch
Second (hyoid arch)
Muscles

A 
Pharyngeal arch
Second (hyoid arch)
Muscles:
Muscles of facial expression
Stylohyoid
Digastric (anterior belly)
Stapedius
31
Q

Pharyngeal arch
Third
Muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus

32
Q

Pharyngeal arch

Fourth and sixth

A

Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Muscles

33
Q

The laryngeal Framework is composed of ______cartilages

A

The laryngeal Framework is composed of six cartilages

34
Q

The cartilages of the __________ __________are suspended from a bone superiorly and connected to the trachea inferiorily.

A

The cartilages of the laryngeal framework are suspended from a bone superiorly and connected to the trachea inferiorly.

35
Q

The cartilaginous framework includes the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid , epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform. This entire structure is suspended from the..

A

The cartilaginous framework includes the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid , epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform. This entire structure is suspended from the hyoid bone.

36
Q

The thyroid cartilage has been likened to the shape of a..

A

The thyroid cartilage has been likened to the shape of a plow or shield.

37
Q

The thyroid cartilage is made up of an extra cellular matrix filled with..

A

Collagen proteins and chondrocytes

38
Q

During development of the thyroid cartilage two broad plates called ________ ________ come together and fuse at midline

A

Thyroid Laminae

39
Q

The width of the thyroid laminae is greater in males as early as..

A

The second trimester

40
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

The central line where thyroid bplates fuse or Adam’s apple

41
Q

The larynx is found..

A

In the midline of the body: level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae.

42
Q

The larynx connects the______ to the trachea

A

Pharynx

43
Q

Fusion of the thyroid is incomplete superiorly, leaving a midline notch referred to as the superior thyroid notch, the central line along which the two thyroid plated fuse just below the thyroid notch is called the____________ or the Adam’s apple.

A

Laryngeal prominence

44
Q

Just below the thyroid notch on the inner surface of the thyroid is a landmark called the …

A

Anterior commissure

45
Q

At the posterior margins of the thyroid cartilage, there are superior and inferior projections called

A

Thyroid horns or thyroid cornua

46
Q

The thyroid horns on the posterior of the thyroid cartilage serve the purpose of..

A

Points of attachment or articulation for ligaments, muscles, and other cartilages

47
Q

The superior thyroid horns attach via ligament to the…

A

Hyoid bone

48
Q

The ligament that attaches the superior horn of the thyroid , along with other membranes help to suspend the thyroid cartilage and the entire larynx from the…

A

Hyoid bone

49
Q

The inferior thyroid horns communicate with the __________ ___________, enabling the thyroid cartilage to pivot anteriorly and inferiorly

A

Cricoid cartilage

50
Q

The cricoid cartilage is located inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage and sits on top of the….

A

Trachea

51
Q

The cricoid cartilage is attached to the trachea by the …

A

Cricotracheal membrane also known as the cricotracheal ligament

52
Q

On both lateral arches of the cricoid cartilage are articular facets (small smooth area on the surface of cartilage or bone). These articular facets form the..

A

Cricothyroid joints.

53
Q

The point where the left and right inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with the left and right lateral arches of the cricoid is called thr

A

Cricothyroid joints.

54
Q

On the superior surface of the posterior cricoid laminar are two additional facets where the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages articulate with each other and form the..

A

Cricoarytenoid joints.

55
Q

Laryngomalcia is.. and is caused by..

A

A congenital condition caused by the underdevelopment of the laryngeal structures.

56
Q

In laryngomalcia, the laryngeal cartilages, the arytenoid and epiglottis, lack structure and support such that they prolapse in the airway, restricting airflow in respiration. These structural changes produce stridor or audible noise during inhalation. In severe cases surgical intervention is called..

A

Supraglottoplasty.

57
Q

The arytenoid cartilages are paired, pyramidal (triangular) cartilages, with two processes at the base. The ______ process of the arytenoid cartilages projects anteriorly, while the _______ process projects posterolaterally.

A

The arytenoid cartilages are paired, pyramidal (triangular) cartilages, with two processes at the base. The vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages projects anteriorly, while the muscular process projects posterolaterally.

58
Q

The vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage serve as the posterior attachment of the

A

Vocal folds

59
Q

The vocal folds attach anteriorly to the..

A

Thyroid cartilage.

60
Q

The muscular process in the arytenoid cartilage serves as an attachment site for the..

A

Laryngeal muscles

61
Q

The arytenoids are located..

A

On top of the cricoid cartilage at the cricoarytenoid joint.

62
Q

At the apex of each arytenoid are facets that form the articulation point for the..

A

Corniculate cartilage

63
Q

The corniculate cartilages are triangular or cone shaped but have a curved..

A

Apex

64
Q

The corniculate cartilages are a structural scaffolding for ________ tissue.

A

Laryngeal tissue

65
Q

The smallest cartilages of the larynx are the …

A

Cuneiform cartilages

66
Q

The cuneiform cartilages are embedded in tissue that surrounds the..

A

Laryngeal vestibule

67
Q

An atomic structures that have no obvious function or purpose are said to be______Both the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are commonly referred to as _______cartilages.

A

An atomic structures that have no obvious function or purpose are said to be vestigial Both the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are commonly referred to as vestigial cartilages.

68
Q

The thyroid cricoid and arytenoid are all kinds of________ cartilages.

A

Hyaline cartilage

69
Q

The corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are _______cartilages

A

Elastic cartilages

70
Q

The _________ is elastic cartilage of the larynx that is leaf shaped and covers the laryngeal vestibule, and directs food posteriorly towards the esophagus during swallowing.

A

The epiglottis is elastic cartilage of the larynx that is leaf shaped and covers the laryngeal vestibule, and directs food posteriorly towards the esophagus during swallowing.

71
Q

The superior surface of the epiglottis is broad and thick and narrows inferiorly, at its most inferior point, it becomes very narrow forming a petiolus ( stalk), and is attached to the..

A

Thyroid cartilage by the thyroepiglottic ligament.

72
Q

The rounded projection at the point of the thyroepiglottic ligament known as the..

A

Epiglottis tubercle.

Anatomy (4 decks)

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