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Anatomy > Phonation slides for exam > Flashcards

Phonation slides for exam Flashcards

1
Q

Production of the sound by the vibration of the vocal folds – speech sounds are modified within the pharyngeal, oral, and _______cavities

A

•Production of the sound by the vibration of the vocal folds – speech sounds are modified within the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities

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2
Q

Vocal folds lie within the _______ ________ _________

A

Vocal folds lie within the laryngeal cavity/larynx

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3
Q

•What is the larynx made up of?

A 
1 bone–
9 cartilages (3 paired)
intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles
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4
Q

How do we describe a “voice”
–Pitch- Frequency
–__________ _________
–Quality (harsh, breathy, hypernasal, hyponasal

A

How do we describe a “voice”
–Pitch- Frequency
–Loudness-Amplitude
–Quality (harsh, breathy, hypernasal, hyponasal

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5
Q

Sits opposite approximately the third, fourth, fifth and sixth cervical vertebral body

A

Larynx

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6
Q

In a child the _______ sits opposite approximately the fourth cervical vertebral body

A

In a child the larynx sits opposite approximately the fourth cervical vertebral body

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7
Q

Functions of the _______

Airway protection–prevents foreign substances from entering the lungs–expels the substances trying to enter the lungs (laryngeal reflex activity - cough/spastic closure)

helps on thoracic fixation for specific biological functions.

phonation (larynx = sound generator)

A

Functions of the larynx

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8
Q

The respiratory system includes the,

A

Lungs ribs and abdomen, it is the power source of the voice

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9
Q

The laryngeal systems voice source are the..

A

Vocal folds

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10
Q

The supralaryngeal system includes the vocal tracts which is a..

A

Filter

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11
Q

Laryngeal cavities

from the VF to the aryepiglottic folds. It can function as a resonator of the sound produced by the VF

A

Supraglottal cavity.

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12
Q

Laryngeal cavities

from the VF to the 1st tracheal ring. It’s here that pressure increases until it is sufficient to start VF vibration

A

Subglottal cavity.

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13
Q

lateral space between false and true VF. Resonance

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

For the purposes of protecting the airway during a swallow – we have 4 lines of defense…

A

—Epiglottis
–Aryepiglottic folds
–Ventricular folds
–Vocal folds

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15
Q

The only laryngeal bone (U-shaped)

A

Hyoid bone

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16
Q

•The union between the tongue and the laryngeal structure

A

Hyoid bone

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17
Q

The only bone in the body that is not attached to another bone

A

Hyoid bone

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18
Q

Part of the laryngeal system attachment for superior and inferior extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Hyoid bone

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19
Q

What are the three paired laryngeal cartilages?

A

1) arytenoids
2) cunneiforms cartilages
3) corniculated cartilages

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20
Q

What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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21
Q

superior cornu attaches indirectly to the major cornu of the hyoid bone•inferior cornu attaches posteriorly to the cricoid cartilage

A

thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

4 articular facet: 2 with thyroid to allow a rocking motion; 2 with arytenoids

A

Cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

Unpaired•hyaline cartilage•sits on top of the trachea•shaped like a signet ring•anterior arch (anulus)•posterior lamina (signet

A

Cricoid cartilage

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24
Q

Cartilages•Paired •hyaline + elastic•
sit on top of the superior surface of the signet portion of the cricoid cartilage•
pyramid shaped: apex and base

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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25
Q

lateral projection = Muscular process (insertion of the cricoarytenoid muscle)

anterior projection = Vocal processVocal process(posterior attach VF

A

Arytenoid Cartilages

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26
Q
  • Rocking: forward and backward
  • gliding
  • No rotational movement

This characterizes the movements of ..

A

Movements of Arytenoid Cartilages

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27
Q

•elastic cartilages
•sit on top of the apex of the arytenoid cartilages
•pyramid shaped
function ?? Part of the arytenoids

A
  1. Corniculated Cartilages
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28
Q
  1. •Paired small cartilages (nod-shaped)

elastic cartilages•embedded in the mucous membrane
•Biological f.: supportive framework for a corniculated fold tissue running from corniculate to the epiglottis cartilage = aryepiglottic fold
•Nonbiological f.: no role even for phonation

A

Cuneiform Cartilages

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29
Q
  1. •Unpaired cartilage (leaf-shaped)•elastic cartilage
    •Petiolus: attaches to the inside of the thyroid – it becomes very thin
    •Anterior surface attach. to the hyoid bone by ligaments
A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

Biological f.: closes off airway directing the food toward esophagus during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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31
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

There are 8 extrinsic laryngeal muscles
one attachment to the laryngeal structure•
second attach. to outside of the larynx:–mandible–mastoid or styloid process

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32
Q

larynx•Intrinsic Muscles: control ________ production

A

larynx•Intrinsic Muscles: control sound production

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33
Q

___________ Muscles: provide support and position the larynx

A

Extrinisic Muscles: provide support and position the larynx

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34
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles (Cont.)

4 are suprahyoid

A

1) Digastric: ant. + post. Belly
2) Geniohyoid
3) Mylohyoid
4) Stylohyoid

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35
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles (Cont.)

A

4 are infrahyoid:

1) Thyrohyoid
2) Sternohyoid
3) Omohyoid
4) Sternothyroid

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36
Q

Digastric
What type of muscle?
How many muscle sections.

A

Suprahyoid muscle

2 muscle sections anterior plus posterior belly.

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37
Q

Digrastric origin and insertion.

A

Origin: mandible or mastoid process
Insertion: Intermediate tendon connected with the hyoid bone.

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38
Q

Anterior belly

A

Pulls the hyoid bone forward and elevates the larynx.

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39
Q

Posterior belly

A

Pulls the hyoid up posteriorly and elevates the larynx.

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40
Q

Mylohyoid

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Mylohyoid

Origin: inner surface of the mandible•

Insertion: fibers cross to the midline raphe which extends to the hyoid body

Function:Function: pulls the hyoid bone forward and upward (larynx)

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41
Q

Mylohyoid ( what type of muscle)

A

Suprahyoid muscle

  • unpaired
  • thin muscle forming the floor of the mouth
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42
Q

Stylohyoid (what type of muscle)

A

Suprahyoid muscle
Paired•
long slender muscle located on the surface of the posterior belly of the digastric

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43
Q

Stylohyoid

Origin
Insertion
Function

A

Origin: styloid process of the temporal bone

Insertion: Body of the hyoid

Function: pulls the hyoid bone posteriorly and upward (larynx)

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44
Q

1) Form a sling supporting the hyoid, and

2) Secondarily, the larynx

A

Suprahyoid Muscles

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45
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

Anterior portion

A

Anterior portion

1) Digastric anterior
2) Geniohyoid
3) Mylohyoid

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46
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

Posterior portion:

A

Posterior portion

1) Digastric posterior
2) Stylohyoid

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47
Q 
Suprahyoid Muscles
Anterior Portion (function)
A

Anterior portion

Function:–pulls the hyoid up + forward (larynx)–front vowels /i, u/–consonants w/ high front tongue position (/sh/, /s/)

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48
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles (larynx)

A

Posterior Portion

Function:–pulls the hyoid up + backward (larynx)

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49
Q

The suprahyoid muscles are active during swallowing to raise the larynx – helps to prevent ______ into the airway.

A

The suprahyoid muscles are active during swallowing to raise the larynx – helps to prevent aspiration into the airway.

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50
Q

Omohyoid ( what type of muscle)

A

Infrahyoid paired muscle•Long narrow 2-part muscle on anterior and lateral surface of the neck: inferior + superior bellies

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51
Q

Omohyoid (origin)

A

Omohyoid Origin: Inf. belly: surface of the scapula Sup. belly: intermediate tendon connected with the hyoid

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52
Q

Omohyoid (insertion)

A

Insertion: Inf. belly: intermediate tendon Sup. belly: great horn of the hyoid

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53
Q

Omohyoid (Function)

A

Function): both pull down the thyroid

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54
Q

Omohyoid (Function)

A

(Function): both pull down the thyroid

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55
Q

Thyrohyoid ( what type of muscle)

A

Infrahyoid paired muscle

Thin muscle lying deep to the omohyoid

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56
Q

Thyrohyoid (origin)

A

Origin: oblique line of the thyroid lamina

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57
Q

Thyrohyoid (insertion)

A

Insertion: greater horn (cornu) of the hyoid bone

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58
Q

Thyrohyoid (Function):

A

Decrease distance between thyroid and hyoid

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59
Q

Sternohyoid (type of muscle)

A

Infrahyoid paired muscle•Thin muscle lying on anterior side of the neck

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60
Q

Sternohyoid Origin

A

Origin: Manubrium and end of the clavicle

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61
Q

Sternohyoid insertion

A

Insertion: hyoid body

62
Q

Sternohyoid Function

A

Sternohyoid Function: pulls down the hyoid bone

63
Q

Sternothyroid (type of muscle)

A

Infrahyoid paired muscle

•Long thin muscle on anterior side of the neck

64
Q

Sternothyroid (origin)

A

Manubrium and costal cartilage of the first rib.

65
Q

Sternothyroid (insertion)

A

Insertion: oblique line of the thyroid

66
Q

Sternothyroid(function)

A

Function: pulls down the thyroid

67
Q

How many Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles are there?

A

five

68
Q

Name the Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A 
Posterior cricoarytenoid•
Cricothyroid•
Thyroarytenoid
Interarytenoid muscles
Lateral cricoarytenoid
69
Q

Intrinsic muscle funtions (two of them)

A

Functions:

  1. shape of the glottis
  2. Vibration of the VF
70
Q

What are Interarytenoids

A

Unpaired muscle with fibers oriented in 2 directions

71
Q 
Interarytenoids 
Transverse arytenoid (origin)
A

Origin: Lateral margin of one arytenoid and courses to the lateral margin of the other arytenoid

72
Q

Thyroarytenoid is made up of

A

Thyrovocalis–Thyromuscularis

73
Q

Interarytenoid muscles (two types)

A

Transverse–Oblique

74
Q

Interarytenoids (Cont.)
Oblique arytenoid
Superficial to the transverse arytenoid
What is the function?

A

Function: Adducts arytenoids, i.e., closing the glottis

75
Q

Interarytenoids (Cont.)
Oblique arytenoid
Superficial to the transverse arytenoid
What is the origin and insertion?

A

Origin: Base of one arytenoid and courses to the apex of the other arytenoid•Insertion: Insertion: Arytenoid of the opposite side

76
Q

Interarytenoids (Cont.)
Oblique arytenoid
Superficial to the function

A

Function: Adducts arytenoids, i.e., closing the glottis

77
Q

A fan-shaped muscle lying along the upper surface of the cricoid cartilage

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

78
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid function

A

Function: Adducts the vocal processes of the arytenoids, i.e. closing the membranous glottis

79
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid ( origin and insertion)

A

Origin: Upper border of the cricoid•Insertion: Insertion: Anterior surface of the muscular process of the arytenoid

80
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

A

A fan-shaped m. located on the posterior surface of the cricoid

81
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid(function)

A

Function: Abducts the arytenoids, i.e., opening the glottis

82
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid(origin and insertion)

A

Origin: On the posterior lamina of the cricoid

•Insertion: Posterior surface of the muscular process of the arytenoid

83
Q

Cricothyroid

A

A fan-shaped muscle located between cricoid and thyroid ; consisting of fibers oriented in2 directions: pars oblique and pars recta

84
Q

Origin: Arch of cricoid

Insertion: Inferior margin of the thyroid

A

Cricothyroid

85
Q

Function: decrease the distance between thyroid and cricoid, i.e. increase the distance between the thyroid and arytenoid, (increase the length of the VF, decrease mass & increase the tension). Therefore increasing the vocal pitch

A

Cricothyroid

86
Q

A bundle of fibers making up the true VF.

A

Thyroarytenoid

87
Q

It can be divided into 2 muscle groups:

1) Thyrovocalis muscle (medially and more active)
2) Thyromuscularis muscle (laterally and less active)

A

Thyroarytenoid

88
Q

Origin: Anteriorly, from the posterior surface of the thyroid

Insertion: Along the lateral base of an arytenoid from the vocal process to the muscle process

A

Thyroarytenoid

89
Q

Function decrease the distance between thyroid and arytenoid, (decrease the length of the VF, increase mass and decrease tension). Therefore, decreasing the vocal pitch

A

Thyroarytenoid

90
Q

Intraarytenoids (transverse + oblique)Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)cricothyroid thyroarytenoid

Are these involved in adduction or abduction?

A

Adduction

91
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA

Is this involved in adduction or abduction?

A

Abduction

92
Q

Raising pitch -Cricothyroid

Lowering pitch - _________

A

Raising pitch -Cricothyroid

Lowering pitch - thyroarytenoid

93
Q

Intrarytenoids (Transverse + Oblique)–approximate the arytenoids–Brings the arytenoids together, causing them to slide toward the midline»> squeezing the vocal process

Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)–Medial compression

Adduction or abduction?

A

Adduction

94
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoids posteriorly, rocking the arytenoids back to their axis (active during physical exercise to permit greater air in and out)

Is this adduction or abduction of the arytenoids?

A

Abduction

95
Q

Decreases the distance between the cricoid and the thyroid carilages, thus elongating the vocal process and places it under increased tension–More tense»>_________pitch–Think of a rubber band

A

Increased pitch

96
Q

1) Thyrohyoid membrane

A

An extrinsic laryngeal connection between hyoid and thyroid

97
Q

1) Middle Thyrohyoid ligament

A

The thicker portion of the thyrohyoid membrane and is also an extrinsic laryngeal ligament

98
Q

Cricotracheal membrane

A

An extrinsic laryngeal connection between cricoid and 1st tracheal ring. Easy access to the VF

99
Q

4) Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament

A

The largest intrinsic ligament restricting and dictating movements of the arytenoids

100
Q

Membrane covering cricoid arch, thyroid and the VF

A

Conus elasticus

101
Q

Thyroarytenoid Tilts the thyroid backward to relax the vocal process and at the same time pulls the muscular process forward to assist in medial compression

This is _________ pitch

A

Decreasing pitch

102
Q

Epithelium (outer layer)–stiff mosaic tissue for protection•Lamina propria (middle layer)–Superficial layer (Reinke’s space)loose fibers w/ fluid spaces =“cobweb”

This is the anatomy of the _________________

A

Vocal folds

103
Q

Intermediate layerelastic fibers w/ recoil features = soft rubber band

–Deep layer thick collagenous fibers, less elastic = “cotton thread”

Vocalis muscle = thyrovocalisvibrates the VF for sound production length + tensionstiff rubber bands

This is the anatomy of the _________________

A

Vocal folds

104
Q

Hiranos theory

A

The combination of mechanical properties of the 5 layers determines the mode of VF vibration.

105
Q

Mechanical properties Tension

A

1) Tension (stiffness): major determinant of Fo; increase tension (decrease elasticity) increase vibrations

106
Q

Mechanical properties Mass

A

2) Mass (thickness): distribution of the VF mass is related to length + tension

107
Q

Mechanical properties Length

A

3) Length (source): male VF are longer and vibrate less; increasing length and decreasing vibration

108
Q

States that vocal fold vibration is almost totally dependent on the rate of neural impulses received by the laryngeal muscles

A

Neurochronaxic Theory

109
Q

Even though nerves can fire (send impulses) quite fast, the rapid pattern of vibration observed during production of high frequencies can not be explained by the rate of nerve impulse

A

Neurochronaxic Theory

110
Q

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory

A

Widely accepted•it takes into account laws of physics which regulates movement/control of air molecules (Aerodynamic) and muscle activity (Myoelastic)

111
Q

Laws of physics are used to explain generation/control of air flow and pressure

A

Aerodynamic

112
Q

States that the laryngeal physical properties (positioning of structures, tension, length, distribution of mass…) are controlled by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (muscle contraction)

A

Myoelastic

113
Q

Assumptions of Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of VF vibration

A

1) vocal folds are appropriately positioned (postured) in a closed or semiclosed position
2) pressure is built up below the folds
3) folds repeatedly open and close automatically

114
Q

Implications of Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of VF vibration

A

the vocal folds do not open and close during phonation because there is a separate muscle contraction for each opening/closing movement

115
Q

Implications of Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of VF vibration

A

the vocal folds open and close automatically, as long as the folds are in a position of closure or near closure, and there is sufficient buildup of pressure below them

116
Q

Forces that cause the vocal folds to open

A

Buildup of air pressure on one side of the vocal folds (below)

117
Q

Forces that cause the vocal folds to close (effect)

A

drop in pressure along the glottal margin of folds

(explained by Bernoulli effect: high speed of airflow that occurs at the construction causes the walls of the vocal folds to be sucked together due to a drop in air pressure at the margin of the folds)

118
Q

Forces that cause the vocal folds to close (recoil)

A

force of elastic recoil of the foldsforce of elastic recoil of the folds(consider the adducted position of the folds its rest position, once the air pressure building below the folds is enough to blow them apart, the folds are “pushed away” from the rest position - opposing elastic recoil forces will tend to restore the folds to the original position/shape)

119
Q

Important factors governing vocal fold vibration

A

vocal fold position - degree of adduction

•glottal adductors: –
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
–transverse interarytenoid muscle
–oblique interarytenoid muscle
•vocal fold myoelasticity - 
length + tension•
glottal tensors/relaxors:
–cricothyroid muscle
–thyroarytenoid muscle•“amount/size” of pressure drop along the folds
120
Q

Methods for viewing the Vocal Folds (VF)

A

Laryngoscopy = exam. of the interior of larynx•Problems:–Larynx is located deep in the neck–Larynx is dark–VF vibrate more than 100 cycles per sec

121
Q

Methods for viewing the Vocal Folds

A

Indirect LaryngoscopyManuel Garcia (1855) FranceDental mirror pushed to the soft palateOnly Larynx structures could be seen

•Direct LaryngoscopyPerformed under anesthesia•Photography of the LxPhotography of the LxPaul Moore (1937), MIT, UFHigh-speed motion pictures4000 frames/sec

122
Q

Endoscopy–Rigid/Flexible

Videostroboscopy–Allows the human eye to see the vibratory Allows the human eye to see the vibratory motion of the VF in slow motion.for viewing the Vocal Folds

A

Methods for viewing the Vocal Folds

123
Q

Directly observes the apparent motion of the larynx•Provides information about:–Nature of VF vibration–Presence or absence of pathology–Documents small changes in the vibratory structure or pattern of vibration

A

Videostroboscopy

124
Q

Mechanism of Vocal Frequency Change

A

By the amount of Tension, Mass, Length (muscles…) •Open/close quotients or phases–Frequency (Hz)&raquo_space;> Pitch•
3 modes of vibration&raquo_space;> 3 ranges of pitch Registers:–Modal–Falsetto–Vocal fry

By changing Airflow–Increase in subglottal pressure

125
Q

1) By the amount of glottal resistance(increase medial compression; muscles… increase size of burst of air, increase impact collision of air molecules, increase displacement of acoustic vibration)Intensity (SPL)&raquo_space;> Loudness

A

Mechanism of Vocal Intensity Change

126
Q

In an adult the larynx sits opposite approximately the fifth or sixth _______ ________body

A

In an adult the larynx sits opposite approximately the fifth or sixth cervical vertebral body

127
Q

In a child the larynx sits opposite approximately the _______cervical vertebral body

A

In a child the larynx sits opposite approximately the fourth cervical vertebral body

128
Q

In an infant the larynx can rise as high as _____or ________cervical body during swallowing

A

In an infant the larynx can rise as high as first or second cervical body during swallowing

129
Q

In the pediatric larynx, the thyroid notch is not prominent as it is in the adult larynx. It is obscured by the overlapping _______ _______

A

In the pediatric larynx, the thyroid notch is not prominent as it is in the adult larynx. It is obscured by the overlapping hyoid bone

130
Q

The thyroid cartilage of the pediatric larynx is not prominent as it is in the adult, but more rounded with no ______ ________ _________

A

The thyroid cartilage of the pediatric larynx is not prominent as it is in the adult, but more rounded with no midline vertical ridge

131
Q

The ________ cartilage of the pediatric larynx is also not prominent

A

The cricoid cartilage of the pediatric larynx is also not prominent

132
Q

In the adult larynx, the cricothyroid membrane can be felt as a depression between the thyroid and the cricoid; however, in the pediatric larynx it is just a little slit

True or false

A

True

133
Q

The _______trachea is 4-5 mm in diameter

A

The pediatric trachea is 4-5 mm in diameter

134
Q

The aryepiglottic folds and the arytenoid cartilages are large relative to other laryngeal structures
This is true of the ______ ________

A

immature larynx

135
Q

It is estimated that ____% of infant epiglottis are omega shaped

A

It is estimated that 50% of infant epiglottis are omega shaped

136
Q

In an adult, starting from the base of the tongue, the airway takes a rather straight vertical shape•In a child, The larynx takes a _______shape

A

In an adult, starting from the base of the tongue, the airway takes a rather straight vertical shape•In a child, The larynx takes a curved shape

137
Q

The arytenoid cartilagesare large relative to other laryngeal structures in the ________larynx.

A

The arytenoid cartilagesare large relative to other laryngeal structures in the pediatric larynx.

138
Q

In an adult, the angel of the epiglottis is somewhat vertical and in alignment with the trachea, which is not the case in the pediatric larynx

True or false

A

True

139
Q

Length of the entire vocal fold in ________is about 2.5-3.0 mm, with gender difference up to the age of 10.

A

Length of the entire vocal fold in newborns is about 2.5-3.0 mm, with gender difference up to the age of 10.

140
Q

•In ______, vocal fold length is about 17-21 mm in males and 11-15 mm in females.

A

•In adults, vocal fold length is about 17-21 mm in males and 11-15 mm in females.

141
Q

Because of the pliable tissue lining the _________larynx, normal respiratory pressure may be enough to deform the laryngeal structure (e.g. Laryngomalacia and Tracheomalacia)

A

Because of the pliable tissue lining the pediatric larynx, normal respiratory pressure may be enough to deform the laryngeal structure (e.g. Laryngomalacia and Tracheomalacia)

142
Q

The ________shape of the pediatric airway should be considered while conducting laryngoscopy, stroboscope and intubation

A

The curved shape of the pediatric airway should be considered while conducting laryngoscopy, stroboscope and intubation

143
Q

The ____________of the cricothyroid membrane depression in the pediatric larynx should be taken into consideration while considering a cricothyroctomy or a cricothyroid puncture

It is also important if a botox injection is considered.•The large size of _________ cartilages obscures much of the vocal folds

A

The narrowness of the cricothyroid membrane depression in the pediatric larynx should be taken into consideration while considering a cricothyroctomy or a cricothyroid puncture

It is also important if a botox injection is considered.•The large size of arytenoid cartilages obscures much of the vocal folds

144
Q

How are pathologies of the larynx treated?

A

Surgery (otolaryngologist)–Remove mass lesions (i.e. polyps, cysts)

–Injections to increase vocal fold mass (gel foam, fat)–Thyroplasty, arytenoid surgeries

•Pharmocology (otolaryngologist)–Steroids (edema)–BOTOX (spasmodic dysphonia)

145
Q

How are pathologies of the larynx treated?(behavioral)

A

Voice Therapy (SLP)–Vocal hygiene counseling–Eliminate vocally abusive patterns
–Building strength of the laryngeal muscles–Increase the resonance of the voice
–Laryngeal massage–Explore emotional/social aspects of the problem.

146
Q 
Lump in the neck
•Tenderness in neck
•Hoarseness
•Dysphagia
•Dyspnea
•Biopsy required for DX

These apply to

A

Carcinoma

147
Q

Incidence - 2-5% of all malignancies
•Persistent hoarseness
•Smoking, environmental irritation, chemicals, metabolic disturbances, unknown.

A

Carcinoma

148
Q

50 - 70% of laryngeal cancers areassociated with smoking.•Synergistic effect with_______.

A

50 - 70% of laryngeal cancers areassociated with smoking.•Synergistic effect with alcohol.

149
Q

Anatomically : The hyoid bone and the entire larynx are usually removed

•Physiologically : after the removal of the larynx, pulmonary air cannot be directed through the larynx.

This is called a..

A

Total Laryngectomy

150
Q

The upper portion of the trachea (windpipe) is brought out to the front of the neck to create a permanent opening called a ________.

  • When a laryngectomy patient inhales, air passes directly through the ________into the ______and then into the lungs.
  • The connection between the mouth and the _________is usually not affected, so food and liquid can be swallowed just as they were before the operation.
A

The upper portion of the trachea (windpipe) is brought out to the front of the neck to create a permanent opening called a stoma.

  • When a laryngectomy patient inhales, air passes directly through the stoma into the trachea and then into the lungs.
  • The connection between the mouth and the esophagus is usually not affected, so food and liquid can be swallowed just as they were before the operation.

Anatomy (4 decks)

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