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Physiology 335 > Phys 335: Exam 2 (Endocrine Phys) > Flashcards

Phys 335: Exam 2 (Endocrine Phys) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endocrine System:

A

Wireless Control System

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2
Q

Autocrine system

vs

Paracrine signaling

A

Autocrine signaling: hormone binds to receptors on the same cell
(leading to functional changes in the cell)
Paracrine signaling: Target cell is near the signal-releasing cell (not same cell)

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3
Q

Endocrine signaling
vs
Exocrine signaling
vs
Neurocrine signaling

A

Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface.

Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream.

Neurocrine is a type of chemical signaling that is facilitated by the neurons or nerve cells.

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4
Q

Hormone vs neurohormone

A
  1. Hormones must be made on demand, but neurohormones can be stored in vesicles and released when needed
  2. Hormones only act on effector tissues to bring about a systemic response, whereas neurohormones only act on endocrine tissue to initiate the release of a different hormone
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5
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Maintain electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
A
  1. ADH
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Insulin
  4. Glucagon
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6
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Coordinates the body’s response to stress
A
  1. cortisol
  2. epinephrine
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7
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Promotes growth and development
A
  1. growth hormone
  2. Insulin-like growth factors
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8
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Regulates reproduction
A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. Testosterone
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9
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Regulates cellular metabolism/energy balance
A
  1. Thyroid hormone
  2. Insulin
  3. Glucagon
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10
Q

Endocrine function Hormones:

  1. Regulates digestion and absorption of food and controls the amount of sugar in the blood
A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Gastrointestinal hormones
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11
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Take raw materials from the blood and send them OUT OF THE BODY
ex: sweat glands, milk glands, gi glands, saliva, tears, etc

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12
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Take raw materials from the blood and use them to build hormones that go back INTO THE BLOOD

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13
Q

HORMONE:

A

Chemical messengers released into the blood, which influence the activity of target cells that can be a considerable distance away; signals of the endocrine system

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14
Q

What are the 3 chemical types of hormones?

A
  1. Peptides/Proteins
    –Bind at surface of cell. Secondary messenger cascades
  2. Steroids
    –(Longer time). Receptors WITHIN nucleus. Effect genetic expression
  3. Amines
    –Catecholymine. Thyroid
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15
Q

Peptide/Protein Hormones

  • Structure

-Solubility

-Synthesis

-Storage

-Secretion

-TTRANSPORT (free/protein bound)

-RECEPTOR Location

-Onset of Effect

-LIFETIME

**Similiar to Catecholamines

A

-Structure: String of amino acids (majority of hormones)

-Solubility: HydroPHILIC (NOT permeable to membrane)

-Synthesis: In ER and Golgi

-Storage: Packaged into vesicles that can be stored in CYTOSOL

-Secretion: Exocytosis of pre-packaged vesicles upon stimulation

-Transport: Dissolved in plasma as FREE HORMONE

-Receptor Location: Plasma membrane of target cells, which then initiates second messenger signaling cascades

-Onset of Effect: Mostly Fast (modification of existing proteins)

-Lifetime: Metabolized/excreted QUICKLY (minutes)

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16
Q

Steroid Hormones

  • Structure

-Solubility

-Synthesis

-Storage

-Secretion

-Transport

-RECEPTOR Location

-Onset of Effect

-LIFETIME

**Similar to Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Structure: Synthesized from Cholesterol

-Solubility: HydroPHOBIC (Membrane permeable)

-Synthesis: Enzymatic modification of cholesterol in cell

-Storage: NOT stored Must be synthesized upon stimulation

-Secretion: Simple diffusion (rate of secretion = rate of synthesis)
**Presence of enzymes in cell determines what hormone is ultimately produced

-Transport: Require plasma protein carriers for transport in BLOOD

-Receptor Location: Inside target cells (typ Nucleus) INTRACELLULAR

-Onset of Effect: Slower (Protein synthesis)

-Lifetime: Metabolized/Excreted SLOWLY (hours/days)

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17
Q

Amine Hormones:

2 MAJOR Example Types

A

CATECHOLAMINES:
Dopamine, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

–Like peptide/proteins (Hydrophilic)

THYROID HORMONE:

–Like steroids (Mostly Hydrophobic)

DOPAMINE

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18
Q

Are Hormone receptors high or low specificity? Are they High or low sensitivity?

A

HIGH specificity (broadcast only responds to cells with specific receptors)

HIGHLY sensitive (responds to very low concentrations in circulation)

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19
Q

Describe the meaning of:

Amplification

Expression

Permissive Effect

A

Amplification: HUGE multiplication factor from receptor to final products. Signal transduction Mechanisms.

Expression: Hormone levels influence expression of their own receptors.
–continued high = down regulation (decrease receptor number)
–continued low = UP regulation (increase receptor number)

Permissive Effect: Can allow other hormone receptors to be expressed.

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20
Q

What hormone is Thyroid hormone (TH) permissive of?

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

Tropic Hormone:

A

A hormone that affects the secretion of another hormone, can be + or -

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22
Q

Trophic Hormone:

A

A hormone that promotes growth/health of the stimulated gland

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23
Q

Hypersecretion:

A

Mainly caused by tumors that ignore negative feedback (primary), or abnormally increased amount of tropic hormone (secondary)

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24
Q

Hyposecretion:

A

Gland destruction (primary) or loss of tropic hormone (secondary)

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25
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Integrating Center (neural and endocrine coordination)

–Regulation of the Internal Environment (maintain homeostasis); endocrine output

–communicates via pituitary gland to body

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26
Q

Examples of Inputs to the hypothalamus:

**that eventually influences pituitary and endocrine signaling

A

-Hormone
-Sensory afferent input (pain, touch, temp)
-Higher centers (emotions)
-Special senses (light/dark)
-Blood conditions (glucose, osmotic, temperature)

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27
Q

Where does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connect?

A

Infundibulum

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28
Q

2 Peptide Neurohormones of Posterior Pituitary:

A
  1. Oxytocin: Birth contractions. “Love hormone” binding between man/woman.
  2. Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH): Water retention in kidney
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29
Q

Connection of Hypothalamus to POSTERIOR pituitary

Hint: Neurophysics

A

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal TRACT= AXONS

Posterior Pituitary = Releases hormones (oxytocin or ADH)

Effector organ/ circulation

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30
Q

Connection of Hypothalamus to ANTERIOR pituitary

Hint: Hypophysiotropic

A

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal PORTAL VESSEL (capillaries in median eminence)

Anterior pituitary capillary = transfer of type of hormones

Circulation/ Effector organs

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31
Q

Can Thyroid Hormone be stored?

Why?

A

Yes!
–TH is a steroid-like amine hormone. but it can be stored

It is stored until it is stimulated to be secreted.

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32
Q

Control of Thyroid Function:

CASCADE

A

Hypothalamus:
TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Anterior Pituitary:
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

Thyroid Gland:
Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4 secretion)
**Levels have negative feedback regulation on Ant pit and Hypothal.

Target cells effected

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33
Q

What does Thyroid Hormone do?

A
  1. Metabolic Action (controls BMR)
  2. Permissive Actions: Increases Beta-adrenergic Receptor (catecholamine) expression
  3. Growth and development: growth hormone production
  4. Fetal central Nervous system development and function (adult nervous system)
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34
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Low metabolism, weight gain, cold intolerance, low blood pressure, low heart rate, fatigue, decreased alertness/cognitive function, stunted growth

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35
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

High metabolism, weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, increased HR, insomnia, nervousness/irritability, anxiety, constant fight or flight state

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36
Q

What type of hormones does the Adrenal gland release?

A

Steroid hormones

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37
Q

Control of Adrenal gland Function:

CASCADE

A

Hypothalamus:
CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Anterior Pituitary:
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

Adrenal Cortex:
Cortisol Secretion
**Plasma levels negatively feedback to Anterior Pit and Hypothal

Target cells respond

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38
Q

Functions of cortisol in Nonstress levels:

A

–Glucose production bet meals
–Permissive of adrenergic receptors in cardiovascular system
–Anti-inflammatory/anti-immune
–Fetal/neonatal development of organs

39
Q

Functions of cortisol in STRESS

A

–breakdown of body stores of nutrients
–Bone resorption of calcium (bone repair) -risk of osteoporosis long term
–Support sympathetic responses related to vasoconstriction
–Stimulates erythropoietin (replace RBC’s)
–Anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression (prevent organ rejection)
–Inhibition of non-essential functions (reproduction/growth)

40
Q

Hyperplasia:

A

Cell division

41
Q

Hypertrophy:

A

Cell growth

42
Q

Important hormones for Growth:

A
  1. Growth Hormone
  2. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs)
  3. Insulin
  4. Thyroid Hormone
  5. Testosterone
  6. Estrogens/DHEA
  7. Cortisol (anti-growth effects)
43
Q

High GH + LOW cortisol = ?

High GH + HIGH cortisol = ??

A

High GH + LOW cortisol =
GROWTH

High GH + HIGH cortisol =
Fuel mobilization, NO GROWTH

44
Q

Control of Growth Hormones:

CASCADE

A

Hypothalamus:
GHRH-Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (Simulates GH) & SST - Somatostatin (Inhibits GH)

Anterior Pituitary:
GH-Growth Hormone

Liver/other cells:
IGF- Insulin Like Growth Factor
**Negative feedback on GHRH and Positive Feedback on SST

45
Q

Gonad:

A

The primary reproductive Organs
ie: Ovaries and Testes

46
Q

Gametogenesis:

A

Production of the reproductive cells, or gametes
ie: Ovum (female gamete. egg)
and Spermatozoa (male gamete. sperm)

47
Q

Sex Hormones:

A

Steroid Hormones secreted by the gonads
ie. Estrogens and Progesterone
vs androgenes (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone/DHT)

48
Q

Control of Sex Hormones:

CASCADE

A

Hypothalamus:
GnRH - Gonatotropin-releasing Hormone

Anterior Pituitary: gonadotropins
FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
&
LH - Luteinizing Hormone

Gonads:
Sex hormone production (estrogen/progest./testosterone)
&/ OR Gametogenesis =make ovum and sperm
**Negative feedback loop on Anterior pituitary and Hypothaloamus (except in positive feedback cycle of ______)

49
Q

What does the Ovary produce?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone (steroids)

50
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

Production of Ovum (egg)

51
Q

What develops from primary oogonia?

A

Primary oocytes (until puberty)

52
Q

2 phases of Menstrual Cyle

A
  1. Follicular Phase: produces mature follicle
    GLOWING
  2. Luteal phase: Prepares for pregnancy if fertilization occurs
    UGLY
53
Q

What ovulates out of a mature follicle?

A

Secondary Oocyte

54
Q

Define Dominant follicle:

A

The follicle that survives and ovulates (becomes secondary oocyte), from the 10-25 follicles that made it to the early antral stage

55
Q

What forms the Corpus Luteum? And what does it do?

A

Old granulosa and theca cells (after release of egg during ovulation from follicle).

Secretes estrogen, inhibin and lots of PROGESTERONE. if NO fertilization it becomes the corpus albicans.

56
Q

What does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), act on?

A

FSH stimulates Granulosa cells to produce Inhibin.

This negatively feeds back onto Anterior pituitary and FSH stem.

57
Q

What does LH (Lutinizing hormone) act on?

A

LH stimulates Theca cells to produce androgens like estrogen. BUT LH does NOT respond to negative feedback loop during the follicular phase (because progesterone also needs to be present in order to respond)

–this leads to an unregulated production of estrogen. And LH SURGE!! **until ovulation explosion xd

58
Q

Relationship between Theca cells and Granulosa cells:

A

Theca cells synthesize androgens. Granulosa cells convert androgens to estrogen.

59
Q

What are the 2 UTERINE phases that occur during the Follicular ovarian phase?

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Proliferative
60
Q

What is the UTERINE phase that occurs at the same time as the the Luteal ovarian phase?

A

Secretory

61
Q

What leads to menstruation and sloughing of the uterine lining?

A

Decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen due to degradation of the corpus luteum (only viable for 14 days)

62
Q

What is hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

A

Hormone Secreted by a developing embryo. It rescues the corpus luteum (LH -Like) and continues the secretion of estrogen and progesterone.
–3 months into pregnancy placenta takes over estrogen and progesterone sectretion.

63
Q

Location of Sperm production (within the Testis)

A

Seminiferous tubule

64
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

Nourish developing sperm cells. And produce Inhibin.

65
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

Make and release Testosterone

66
Q

What is the function of Tight junctions between Sertoli cells?

A

Protect sperm from immune attack. Ie: blood-testes barrier

67
Q

Number of Chromosomes and Chromatid’s per chromosome for the following:

Spermatogonia

Primary Spermatocytes

Secondary Spermatocytes

Spermatozoa

A

Spermatogonia: 46 & 2

Primary Spermatocytes: 46 & 2

Secondary Spermatocytes: 23 & 2

Spermatozoa: 23 & 1

68
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

At puberty. Builds 30 million sperm/day

69
Q

Why are the testis outside of the body?

A

Because Spermatozoa must be generated in an environment 2-3 degrees below the core body temperature.

70
Q

What does Testosterone vs inhibin act upon?
**In negative feedback loop

A

Testosterone inhibits LH secretion (and GnRH from Hypothalamus)

Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion

71
Q

What type of muscle contraction requires elevation of calcium levels?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and smooth

72
Q

What is a thin filament?

A

Actin

73
Q

What is a thick filament?

A

Myosin

74
Q

What is a Sarcomere?

A

The functional unit of muscle. The repeating thin and thick filament pattern within the myofibril.

75
Q

What is the Sarcolemma?

A

Plasma Membrane

76
Q

What causes muscular contraction?

A

Activation of myosin cross-bridges to exert force on the thin filaments

77
Q

What exposes the myosin cross-bridges (to be available for contraction)?

A

High systolic (intracellular) levels of Calcium

78
Q

Describe the role of Troponin and Tropomyosin on muscular contraction?

A

Calcium binds to Troponin sites, which changes the conformation/location of tropomyosin (which act to lock the actin in place). Therefore after this activation has taken place, the myosin cross-bridge is able to bind to the exposed actin sites, and generates force.

79
Q

What is the origin of skeletal muscle stimulation?

A

Alpha motor Neurons

80
Q

What is the ratio of Alpha motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers?

A

One alpha motor neuron stimulates many motor neurons (aka a motor unit).
BUT… one motor neuron is only stimulated by 1 alpha motor neuron.

81
Q

Where to alpha motor neurons terminate?
–What structure is the highly folded-region just beneath this terminal

A

Neuromuscular junction (specialized synapse on skeletal muscle fibers)

–Motor End plate (contains nicotinic acetylcholine receptors)

82
Q

List the process of a Motor neuron firing:

A
  1. Alpha Motor neuron action potential
  2. Calcium enters voltage-gated channels (activates SNARES and brings neurotransmitters to surface)
  3. Acetylcholine Released into synapse
  4. Acetylcholine binding on post-synaptic site opens ion channels
  5. Na+ entry
  6. Graded potential between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
  7. Muscle fiber action potential initiation
  8. Propagation down stream
83
Q

What is an End-Plate potential?

A

A HUGEEEEEEE graded potential <3

84
Q

What type of signal is the end-plate-potential?

A

Excitatory (NO inhibitory synaptic potentials at the neuromuscular junction)

85
Q

What is the 3 step mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  1. Electrical signal: Excitation (Action Potential)
  2. Chemical Signal: Excitation-Contraction Coupling (Intracellular Calcium release or Calcium transient)
  3. Mechanical Signal: Contraction (contraction)
86
Q

What is Dihydropyridine Receptor?
(DHPR voltage sensor)

A

Voltage sensor within T-tubular membrane that is connected to RyR on the Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Senses depolarization

87
Q

What is Ryanodine Receptor?
(RyR)

A

It is the Calcium channel within the terminal cistern membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum, that is activated by the DHPR. Allows calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum.

88
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium -
ATPase Pump?

A

It is the pump within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is the primary active transporter. That removes calcium from the cytoplasm of the cell (which activates thin filament/unlocks tropomyosin via troponin receptor) and back into the “storage” of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

89
Q

What direction do cross-bridges pull muscles?

A

Shorten

90
Q

A-band:

A

Myosin

91
Q

I- band:

A

Region between 2 ends of Myosin sections

92
Q

H-zone

A

gap between thin filaments (decreases as muscle contracts)

93
Q

Z line

A

zig-zag line between Myosin stacked bands

94
Q

HcG is like what other hormone in the gonadotropic cascade?

hint: In the anterior pituitary

A

LH -Leutinizing Hormone

Ex: men who take anabolic testosterone, will inject HcG to regulate cycle (increase natural testosterone levels)

Physiology 335 (3 decks)

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