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Physical Geography- Final > Physical Geography > Flashcards

Physical Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What is overland flow

A

unchanneled downslope movement of surface water

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2
Q

How is it different from streamflow

A

Streamflow is channeled and flows along a valley bottom

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3
Q

What is a valley

A

that portion of the terrain in which a drainage system is clearly established

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4
Q

What is an interfluve

A

the higher land above the valley walls that separates adjacent valleys

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5
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

all of the area that contributes overland flow, streamflow, and groundwater to that stream

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6
Q

what is the other name for drainage basin

A

watershed

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7
Q

What are the four types of different overland flow erosion

A 
splash, sheet, rill, and gully
Splash- rain or water droplets
Sheet- water flowing in a thin sheet
Rill- sheet breaks into channels
Gully- fewer and larger channels
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8
Q

What are the different methods of erosion by streamflow?

A

water power, abrasive tools, corrosion

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9
Q

How does flow speed relate to erosion?

A

> speed=>erosion

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10
Q

How do you increase flow speed

A

increase gradient, narrow the channel, increase the volume of water

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11
Q

What are the 3 pieces of stream load?

A

Dissolved load- minerals dissolved and carried in a solution
Suspended load- clay and silt never touching the bed
Bedload- smaller particles moved along through saltation (bouncing) or traction (rolling)

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12
Q

What is the difference between competence and capacity?

A

Competence: measure of the particle size a stream can transport (speed increase squared)
Capacity: a measure of the amount of solid material a stream has the potential to transport

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13
Q

What is alluvium

A

stream-deposited sediment

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14
Q

What are the 3 stream types?

A

Perennial- permanent
Intermittent- flow only in the wet season
Ephemeral- flow only during and after a rain

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15
Q

What is stream discharge?

A

volume of flow per unit time

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16
Q

What is a recurrence interval

A

the probability of a given-size flood occurring

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17
Q

How does turbulence influence erosion capability?

A

Turbulence decreases erosion capability

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18
Q

What are the four channel patterns?

A

Straight
Sinuous- slight winding
Meandering- tight curves
Braided- interwoven

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19
Q

What is a consequent stream?

A

stream follows the initial slope of the land

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20
Q

what is a subsequent stream?

A

form at right angles to the consequent stream

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21
Q

What is an antecedent stream

A

a stream that predates an uplift

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22
Q

What is a superimposed stream?

A

a stream that bears no relation to the present surface structure

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23
Q

what are the 5 drainage patterns

A 
Dendritic- treelike
Trellis- long stream linked by short right angled dead ends
Radial- descend from a central uplift
Centripetal- streams converge in a basin
Annular- oval shaped
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24
Q

What is downcutting?

A

lowering of the streambed

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25
Q

what is base level

A

an imaginary surface extending beneath the continents from sea level at the coasts

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26
Q

what is graded streams

A

the gradient has adjusted to the point of allowing just the transportation of its load

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27
Q

what is a knickpoint

A

irregularities in a channel

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28
Q

what is knickpoint migration

A

position of the knickpoint migrates upstream with a successively lower profile until it disappears

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29
Q

what is a cut bank

A

outside of the curves

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30
Q

what is point bar

A

inside of the curves

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31
Q

how does headward erosion work to lengthen a stream

A

water undercuts interfluve rim and increases valley area

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32
Q

what is the process of stream capture

A

drainage basin of one stream is diverted into the basin of another stream by natural process

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33
Q

what is another name for stream capture

A

stream piracy

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34
Q

how and why does a delta form

A

debris is dropped at the mouth of the river

35
Q

what is a floodplain

A

a low-lying, nearly flat alluvial valley floor that is periodically inundated with floodwaters

36
Q

what are the different types of features found in the floodplain

A

cutoff meanders

natural levees

37
Q

what are the 3 theories of landform development

A

Davis’s Geomorphic Cycle
Pencks Theory of Crustal Change and Slope developemnt
Equilibrium Theory

38
Q

What are the conditions in deserts that make them so different

A

Weathering, Soil and Regolith, Impermeable Surfaces, Sand, Rainfall, Fluvial Deposition, Wind, Basins of Interior Drainage, and Vegetation

39
Q

What is an exotic stream

A

streams sustained by water that originates outside the desert ex Nile

40
Q

What is an ephemeral Stream

A

carry water only seasonally or after a rainstorm

99%

41
Q

What is a playa

A

dry lake beds

42
Q

What is a salina lake

A

high rates of evaporation relative to the inflow and/or basins of interior drainage lead to the accumulation of dissolved salts ex Great Salt Lake

43
Q

What is salina

A

unusually heavy concentration of salt in the lake bed sediments

44
Q

What is deflation

A

loose particles are blown through the air or along the ground

45
Q

What is abrasion

A

requires tools in the form of airborne sand and dust particles

46
Q

what is a sand dune

A

loose windblown sand is piled into a mound or low hill

47
Q

what are the four active types of dunes

A

Barchan- wind goes with the horns
Transverse- wind goes down the ripples
Seif- along the strips
Star- all sides

48
Q

What is a fossil dune

A

crossbedded sand in thin layers

49
Q

What are the 2 types of non-arid dunes?

A

Coastal dunes- found on coasts

loess- Cliffs

50
Q

What are the 3 types of desert landscapes

A

Erg- a sea of sand
Reg- Stony desert
Hamada- Barren bedrock

51
Q

What is desert varnish

A

dark shiny coating that forms on the surface of pebbles after long exposure to the air

52
Q

what is desert pavement

A

pebbles form together sealing the material below from erosion

53
Q

What are the main features of a basin and range landscape (piedmont zone)

A

ranges, piedmont zone, and basins

piedmont zone- alluvial fans and bajadas

54
Q

What type of landscape is death valley (mountains)

A

basin and range

Sierra Nevada

55
Q

What features are you likely to find on a mesa and scarp terrain?

A

Pinnacle, Butte, Mesa, Plateau

56
Q

What is an escarpment

A

worn back from weathering etc

57
Q

What is desertification

A

the expansion of the deserts, caused by over use of agricultural lands

58
Q

What is snowball earth

A

when the earth was covered in ice

59
Q

what are the different types of mountain glaciers

A

highland icefields, valley glaciers, alpine glaciers, cirque glaciers

60
Q

what are the different types of continental glaciers

A

outlet glaciers, ice shelf

61
Q

Describe the Pleistocene Glaciation

A

twenty periods, end: 11700 yago, start: 2.58 m, 1/3 earth covered, effects: periglacial, sea level, crust, rain

62
Q

What are the 2 main ice sheets

A

Antarctic and Greenland

63
Q

What is happening with Antarctic

A

warming, GHG, ice shelfs

64
Q

How do glaciers and glacial ice form

A

snowflake > granular snow > neve > Glacier ice

65
Q

What is the difference between accumulation, ablation and equilibruim

A

Ac- addition of ice by incorporation of snow
Ab- wastage of ice through melting and sublimation
E- balance between

66
Q

What are the different types of glacial movement

A

Plastic flow of ice, basal slip, rates of movement

67
Q

What is the difference between flow and advance

A

F- ice is always moving forward

A- ice and everything moving forward

68
Q

What are the ways glaciers erode the landscape

A

glacial plucking, glacial abrasion, subglacial meltwater erosion

69
Q

How do glaciers transport material

A

plucked or abraded, melt streams

70
Q

What are the types of glacial deposition

A

Direct by glacial ice, secondary by meltwater

71
Q

How do continental ice sheets erode the landscape

A

roche moutonnee

72
Q

What are the depositional features associated with continental ice sheets

A

moraines, kettles, drumlins

73
Q

Describe the glaciofluvial features associated with continental ice sheets

A

outwash plains, eskers, kames, lakes

74
Q

Describe all the ways mountain glaciers cause erosion

A

Cirques, Aretes and Cols, Glacial Troughs, Glacial Steps, Hanging Glacial Troughs,

75
Q

What are the types of depositional features associated with mountain glaciers

A

Lateral Moraines

76
Q

What does periglacial means

A

on the perimeter of glaciation

77
Q

What is patterned ground

A

various geometric patterns that repeatedly appear over large areas in the arctic (freeze thaw cycle)

78
Q

What is a proglacial lake

A

lake formed from meltwater when ice is trapped

79
Q

What are the Washington Scablands

A

land from past lakes

80
Q

What are the different types of wave motions

A

Oscillation, Translation

81
Q

What is wave refraction

A

waves change direction as they approach the shore

82
Q

How do waves erode the coast

A

wave action, air, chemical

83
Q

What is a tsunami

A

tidal wave
volcano, landslide, earthquake
Sumatra- 9.1 4.9 meters 24 meters
Japan- 9.0 30 tall

84
Q

What is eustatic sea level change

A

an increase or decrease in the amount of water in the oceans

Physical Geography- Final (1 decks)

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