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Ultrasonography > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress.

A

PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

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2
Q

the speed and the direction of motion of an object.

A

velocity

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3
Q

measures the number of wave cycles (or frequency) passing through a given point in a second.

A

velocity

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4
Q

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time

A

frequency

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5
Q

the number of cycles or vibrations undergone during one unit of time by a body in periodic motion

A

frequency

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6
Q

distance from the “crest” (top) of one wave to the crest of the next wave

A

wavelength

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7
Q

peak of a wave

A

crest

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8
Q

λ is called the

A

lambda

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9
Q

pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium as it propagates away from the source of the sound

A

sound wave

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10
Q

refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal

A

attenuation

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11
Q

echoes and vibrations are produced when sound waves are:

A

reflected or reflection

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12
Q

sound waves penetrate and produce

A

heat

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13
Q

used to describe the reflection and transmission of acoustic waves at interfaces of two materials with mismatched impedances

A

acoustic mismatch

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14
Q

the subjective perception of sound pressure

A

sound intensity notation

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15
Q

Italian physicist who used soundwaves to determine position of objects

A

LAZARO SPALLAZANI

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16
Q

who studied about bats who used sound to navigate?

A

LAZARO SPALLAZANI

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17
Q

when was sound waves as navigating tool discovered?

A

1794

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18
Q

who invented first machine that could generate soundwaves ?

A

JACQUES AND PIERRE CURIE

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19
Q

when did the french scientist discovered that the electrical currents to quartz crystal they produce sound, more specifically, ultrasonic waves?

A

1880

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20
Q

russian physicist who conceptualize using ultrasound for imaging techniques

A

SY SOKOLOV

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21
Q

When the physicist of russia used the method to find imperfections in metallic structures than for saving lives through diagnostics?

A

1928

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22
Q

who was the first to use ultrasound imaging techniques?

A

GEORGE LUDWIG

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23
Q

when was the sound waves first used as an imaging technique to detect gallstones and masses/

A

1949

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24
Q

Who discovered the transmission ultrasound investigation of the brain provides the first published work on medical ultrasonics?

A

DR. KARL THEODORE DUSSIK

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25
Q

when did dr. karl theodore dussik discovered the transmission ultrasound investigation of the brain ?

A

1942

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26
Q

Who first used ultrasound with diagnostic medicine?

A

IAN DONALD [haha bitch credit grabber]

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27
Q

who used the device was to determine the diameter of the head of a fetus?

A

IAN DONALD

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28
Q

When was the first use of the device was to determine the diameter of the head of a fetus discovered?

A

1956

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29
Q

hand geld device thatcontains special crystals that can create soundwaves when they are activated with an electrical field.

A

transducers

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30
Q

the soundwaves are received by a transducer because these waves are ______ by the body tissues?

A

reflected

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31
Q

what device interprets the soundwaves?

A

sonogram

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32
Q

where were soundwaves calculated and viewed?

A

computer

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33
Q

what device can generate an image based on the data?

A

sonogram

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34
Q

a medium that reduces the space(air) between the waves and the body.

A

gel

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35
Q

what should be avoided which could block the soundwaves and prevent the ultrasound from imaging correctly?

A

air pockets

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36
Q

caused by the mechanical friction of the tissue moving during passing of the ultrasonic wave

A

heating

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37
Q

production of bubbles

A

cavitation

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38
Q

helps examine retrograde organs (posteriorly positioned organs)

A

transrectal examitation

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39
Q

type of radiation used in utz

A

non-ionizing radiation — high frequency sound waves

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40
Q

perimeter of a circle

A

distance/circumference

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41
Q

unit of area

A

cm2, m2

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42
Q

units of length

A

km, m , cm

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43
Q

units of volume

A

m3, mm3

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44
Q

time unit

A

s, ms

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45
Q

speed units

A

m/s, mm/microsecond

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46
Q

power unit

A

watts

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47
Q

unit of work

A

joules

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48
Q

acoustic impedance unit

A

rayls

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49
Q

true or false: the greek word for sound is sonus

A

false

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50
Q

greek word for write

A

graphien

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51
Q

other terms of ultrasound

A

sonography

52
Q

when was the patient being scanned in a water bath?

A

early 1950s

53
Q

The first contact compound B-scanner which uses olive oil as a lubricant was developed. Single crystal transducer mounted on an articular arm

A

late 1950s

54
Q

Gray scale imaging was introduced. Early ultrasound equipment visual displays used oscilloscopes which produced bi-stable (black and white) images.

A

1970

55
Q

when were real time scanning systems were introduced.

A

mid 1970

56
Q

when was the application of doppler techniques were introduced

A

1980

57
Q

produced by something moving back and forth, or vibrating

A

waves

58
Q

Can be transmitted and produced by matter in any form; solid, liquid, or gas.

A

MECHANICAL WAVE

59
Q

Can travel either through matter or through empty space.

A

electromagnetic wave

60
Q

longitudinal waves travels ______ to the direction of wave propagation

A

parallel

61
Q

motion of the particles in a medium is parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

A

LONGITUDINAL WAVES

62
Q

motion of the particles in a medium is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

A

TRANSVERSE

63
Q

transverse waves travels ______ to the direction of wave propagation

A

perpendicular

64
Q

Regions of LOW pressure and density

A

rarefactions

65
Q

compressions are regions that has _____ density and pressure

A

high

66
Q

unit of wavelength

A

mm

67
Q

distance between two (2) consecutive identical positions in the wave.

A

wavelength

68
Q

the number of cycles per second performed by the particles in the medium in response to wave passing through it.

A

frequency

69
Q

unit of frequency

A

hertz (Hz)

70
Q

Hz formula

A

cycles/seconds

71
Q

maximum frequency range of audible soundwaves

A

20,000Hz

72
Q

Ultrasound in diagnostic medicine frequency range

A

20,000-3,000,000 Hz

73
Q

latin word for below

A

infra

74
Q

latin word for beyond

A

ultra

75
Q

time it takes for one cycle to occur.

A

period

76
Q

unit of period

A

µs/ microsecond

77
Q

relationship of frequency and period

A

inversed

78
Q

high frequency = __ absorption

A

high

79
Q

high frequency = ___ penetration

A

low

80
Q

high frequency = _____ spatial resolution

A

high

81
Q

high frequency = ____period

A

short

82
Q

low frequency = ____ wavelength

A

high

83
Q

high wavelength = _____spatial resolution

A

low

84
Q

low penetration = _____ wavelength

A

low

85
Q

high penetration = _____ frequency

A

low

86
Q

refers to the relationship of one wave to another

A

phase

87
Q

Ultrasound waves whose wavefronts are at the SAME position

A

in phase

88
Q

Ultrasound waves whose wavefronts differ from one to the other

A

out of phase

89
Q

Occurs when ultrasound waves of the same frequency are in phase, resulting in increased amplitude. It increases the intensity of the ultrasound beam.

A

CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

90
Q

Occurs when ultrasound waves of the same frequency are out of phase, resulting in decreased amplitude. This Interference contributes to ultrasound attenuation.

A

destructive interference

91
Q

measurable quantities that vary within a medium as sound propagates through the medium

A

acoustic variable

92
Q

acoustic is greek word for

A

hearing

93
Q

Amount of force in a given area

A

pressure

94
Q

pressure unit

A

pascal (pounds per square inch (lbs/sq. in) and (N/m2))

95
Q

Concentration of matter

A

density

96
Q

density unity

A

Unit: kg/m3 or g/cm3

97
Q

Concentration of heat energy

A

temperature

98
Q

unit of temperature

A

celsius, Fahrenheit kelvin

99
Q

distance moved by the molecules in the medium.

A

particle motion

100
Q

unit of particle motion

A

nm

101
Q

maximum variation that occurs in an acoustic variable

A

amplitude

102
Q

measure of how far variable gets away from its normal, undisturbed value.

A

amplitude

103
Q

height of wave

A

amplitude

104
Q

The rate at which work is done or the rate of flow of energy through a given area.

A

power

105
Q

unity of intensity

A

W/cm2

106
Q

high intensity = ___ power

A

high

107
Q

high area = ____ intensity

A

low

108
Q

 Speed at which sound moves through a medium

A

propagation speed

109
Q

wavelength x frequency

A

propagation speed

110
Q

unit of propagation speed

A

m/s or mm/µs

111
Q

Refers to the ability of an object to return to its original shape and volume after a force is no longer acting on it.

A

elasticity

112
Q

Indicates the fractional decrease in volume when pressure is applied to the material.

A

compressibility

113
Q

Reciprocal of compressibility

A

bulk modulus

114
Q

bulk modulus is also known as

A

stiffness

115
Q

Resistance of a material to compression.

A

stiffness

116
Q

which is the fastest type of matter to propagate sound

A

solid; because it is denser

117
Q

same acoustic impedance of substances produce

A

total transmission of energy (100%0 and no reflections

118
Q

Property of a substance, which describes how particles of that substance behave when subjected to a soundwave

A

acoustic impedance

119
Q

what happens when substance with small difference in acoustic impedance

A

small amount of energy is reflected ( 1 to 5%) and majority is transmitted ( 95 - 99%)

120
Q

In substance with bigger difference in acoustic impedance

A

large amount is refelected (40 - 90%) and small amount is transmitted (1 - 60%)

121
Q

Gives the proportion of energy reflected from an interface between two substances

A

intensity reflection coefficient

122
Q

intensity reflection coefficient formula

A

((secondary Z - primary Z)^2)/ (secondary Z - primary Z)^2)

123
Q

Fraction of the incident intensity transmitted into the second medium

A

INTENSITY TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT

124
Q

INTENSITY TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT formula

A

(4 x primary Z x Secondary Z)/ (sum of Zs)^2

125
Q

percentage of energy reflected from soft tissues

A

1% or less

Ultrasonography (5 decks)

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