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PHYSIO > PHYSIO-NEURO > Flashcards

PHYSIO-NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of nerve cells ? Neurons and Neuralgia(glial/supporting)??which is permamnent and not

A

neurons are permanent, neuralgia not

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2
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : macrophage of the brain

A

microglia

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3
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : regulates ecf ion levels, gives mechanical support , forms BBB

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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5
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : creates myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : examples of brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma

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8
Q

Matching type for Glial Cells : more numerous glial cells or neurons ???

A

Glial Cells

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9
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : unmyelinated part of the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : space between two neurons

A

synapse

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11
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

axon terminal/boutons/end-feet

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12
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : function of myelin sheath

A

insulator

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13
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : where action potential in a neuron actually starts

A

axon hillock

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14
Q

Matching type for Parts of a Neuron : receiving portion of the neuron

A

dendrites

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15
Q

Soma (cell body) to axon terminal; replenishes synaptic vesiclesand enzymes for NT synthesis

A

Anterograde axonal transport

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16
Q

Axon terminal to Soma(cell body); recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

retrograde axonal transport

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17
Q

what do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axonis transected?

A

Anterograde/Orthograde degeneration

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18
Q

what do you call the changes in the soma after an axon is transected

A

axonal reaction/chromatolysis

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19
Q

axonal regeneration occurs better in CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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20
Q

enzyme used in the synthesis of acethylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase

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21
Q

enzyme used in the degradation of acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase where Choline is recycled makes it unique

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22
Q

AcH - acetylcholine is deficient in what disease

A

Alzheimer’s Dis

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23
Q

Dopamine is found mainly in?

A

substancia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

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24
Q

dopamine is degraded by

A

MAO in presynptic nerve terminals; COMT in tissues including liver

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25
Q

dopamine excess is in what disease

A

beautiful mind

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26
Q

dopamine deficiency is in what disease

A

mohamed ali TARP - tremors,rigidity,akinesia,postural rigidity

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27
Q

nor-epi ismanily secreted by neurons in?

A

locus ceruleus in the pons and postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

epinephrine is mainly secreted by?

A

Adrenal medulla 80%

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29
Q

norepi and epi control overall activity and mood of the mind, wakefulness; both excitatory and inhibitory; acts on adrenergic receptors T or F

A

TRUE

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30
Q

ILOCUS NORte

A

LOCUS ceruleus = NORepinephrine

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31
Q

phenylalanine derivatives

A

Pare True Love Does Not Exist To Me = Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, L-dopa, Dopamine, NE, Epi, Thyroxine, Melanin

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32
Q

Tryptophan Derivatives

A

Trip Mo Sya Anoh? = Tryptophan, Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin

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33
Q

Serotonin is secreted mainly by the ?

A

Median Raphe of the Brain Stem

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34
Q

inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord; Happy Hormone, converted to Melatonin in the Pineal Gland

A

Serotonin

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35
Q

Serotonin : Si M-R-S mahilig sa Dark na Tsokolate

A

Median Raphe : Serotonin Converted to: Melatonin(Dark) Comes from : Tryptophan

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36
Q

secreted in areas of the brain responsible forLong term behavior and memory; fromArginine, inhibitory, not preformed and stored in vesicles, Permeant Gas that diffuses towards its targets

A

Nitric Oxide

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37
Q

control of arousal, sleep, and circadian rhythm mainly located w/in tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Histamine

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38
Q

1 inhibitory neurotrans, from Glutamate

A

GABA

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39
Q

1 excitatory neurotrans in the brain

A

Glutamate

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40
Q

involved in pain transmission, in the brain,primary sensory neurons,GI plexus neurons

A

Substance P

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41
Q

involved in the perception of pain exemplified by Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins

A

Opioid peptides

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42
Q

inhibitory neurotrans found in spinal interneurons

A

Glycine

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43
Q

refer to the Intracellular Charge; potential difference that exist across the membrane

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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44
Q

Action potential : Propagating means?

A

action potential at once cells causesdepolarization of adjacent cells in a NON-DECREMENTAL MANNER

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45
Q

Action potential: ALL or NONE means?

A

if treshold is reached, a full sized action potentialwill be produced,otherwise ,none at all

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46
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : make the memb.potential less negative

A

Depolarization

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47
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : make the MP more negative

A

hyperpolariation

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48
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : positive charges flowing into the cell

A

inward current

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49
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

Outward current

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50
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : MP in which Ap is inevitable

A

Threshold

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51
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : portion of the AP where MP is positive

A

Overshoot

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52
Q

Matching type : RMP and AP : portion of the AP whre MP is < RMP

A

Undershoot(hyperpolarizing afterpotential

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53
Q

opening of the NA-gated channels causing Na Influx

A

Depolarization

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54
Q

closure of the Na gated channels that stops sodium influx AND openning of K-gated channels causing K Efflux

A

Repolarization

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55
Q

give examples of NA-channel Blockers of Neurons (resulting to paralysis)

A

Tetradotoxin(puffer fish), Saxitoxin(red tide infected tahong)

56
Q

example of K-channel blocker

A

Tetra-ethyl-ammonium

57
Q

Na and K gated channels are responsible for all types of AP?

A

false, Ca in smoothe muscles of heart pacemakers(SA Node)

58
Q

what stimulates nerve depolarization ?

A

mechanical disturbance, chemicals and electricity

59
Q

another action potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

60
Q

action potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided (na influx)

A

Relative Refractory Period

61
Q

when a cell is depolarized so Slowly such that the threshold potential is passed without an AP

A

Accomodation

62
Q

synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell

A

EPSP(excitatory post-synaptic potential)

63
Q

synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post synaptic cell

A

IPSP- inhibitory post synaptic potential

64
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously

A

spatial summation

65
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at the postsynaptic cell in rapid succesion

A

temporal summation

66
Q

repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

nerve facilitation

67
Q

increased release of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT

A

long term potential

68
Q

repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic fatigue

69
Q

nerve fibers are Thicker,Moremyelinated and faster?.T or F

A

TRUE

70
Q

vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing , vomiting - in which part of the brain

A

MEDULLA

71
Q

micturation center, pneumotaxic, apneustic center

A

PONS

72
Q

relay center of almost all sensations

A

Thalamus

73
Q

balance

A

cerebellum

74
Q

connects the brain hemispheres

A

corpus callosum of the Ant Commisure

75
Q

motor, personality, calculation

A

frontal cerebrum

76
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

parietal cerebrum

77
Q

vision

A

occipital cerebrum

78
Q

hearing, vestibular, processing, recognition of faces, optic pathway (meyer’s loop)

A

temporal cerebrum plus most of Memory

79
Q

cerebral cortex category : initiation of signals

A

Primary areas

80
Q

interpretation of signals

A

Secondary areas

81
Q

integration of signals / receive and analyze signals simultaneously

A

association areas

82
Q

plans and creates motor pattern for speech

A

Broca’s area

83
Q

behavior, emotions, motivation

A

limbic association area

84
Q

“broken speech”; know words , no motor

A

Broca’s Aphasia

85
Q

“wordy” intact motor, does not know meaning of words

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

86
Q

conversion of short term memory to long termmemory ; learning by Trauma

A

Consolidation

87
Q

reward and punishment centers, no memory, lesion will cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

88
Q

search the memory storehouse and read-out the memories ; lesion will cause RETROGRADE AMNESIA

A

THALAMUS

89
Q

parts of the linbic system

A

hypothal,hippocam,amygdala,limbic cortex

90
Q

produces mainly oxytocin

A

paraventricular nuclei “voobs”

91
Q

produces mainly vasopressin

A

supraotic nuclei

92
Q

satiety center —-hate this part tangina!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Ventromedial Nuclei “Vuchog”

93
Q

hunger center

A

Lateral Nuclei “LAMON”

94
Q

sweating ( heat release)

A

Anterior Hypothalamus

95
Q

Shivering (heat conservation)

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

96
Q

reward center

A

medial forebrain bundle

97
Q

punishment center

A

central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius

98
Q

social inhibition

A

amygdala

99
Q

accidental damage to amygdala on surgery

A

Klover-Bucky Syndrome = social inhibition

100
Q

thirst center

A

anteroventral awall of 3rd ventricle of preoptic nuclei

101
Q

punishment and fear is more powerful in creating memory than pleasure and reward?.t or f

A

TRUE

102
Q

and wall

A

Suprachiamastic Nucleus SCN

103
Q

regulates circadian rhythm, secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

104
Q

sleep is due to an ACTIVE Inhibitor proess and not due to fatigue of reticular activating system, and prob due to Muramyl Peptide secretion?.t or f

A

TRUE

105
Q

REM occurs every how many minutes?

A

90

106
Q

who among the the following dream the most: newborns, young adults, elderly

A

newborns - 50% of sleep is REM; adults only 25%

107
Q

brain is the most metabolic organ, glucose and ketone bodies as source of energy, does not require insulin ?t or f

A

TRUE

108
Q

total amount of CSF in the brain

A

150ml

109
Q

total amount of csf produced daily

A

500ml

110
Q

csf function

A

cushioning

111
Q

csf pathway

A

lat ventricles – foramen of monroe – third ventricle – aqueduct of sylvius – fourth ventricle – foramen of magndie – foramen of luschka – subarachnoid space over brain and sponal chord – arachnoid granulations – dural venous sinus blood

112
Q

anything that can penetrate BBB can penetrate placenta ? t or f

A

TRUE

113
Q

Blood Brain Barrier : exists in all areas in the brain except?

A

some areas of the HYPOTHALAMUS

114
Q

Cell body of the Sympa of PREganglionic neuron of ANS is distributed in the

A

Thoracic and Lumbar ( thoracolumbar distribution)

115
Q

Cell body of the PARASympa of PREganglionic neuron of ANS is distributed in the

A

Brainstem, Sacral Segment (craniosacral distribution)

116
Q

Cell body of the Sympa of POSTganglionic neuron of ANS is distributed in the

A

paravertebral or prevertebral

117
Q

Cell body of the PARASympa of POSTganglionic neuron of ANS is distributed in the

A

ganglia at the walls of effector organs

118
Q

adrenoreeptors of the heart and kidney

A

B1

119
Q

adrenoreceptors of GI and wall of presynaptic adrenergic neurons

A

A2

120
Q

adrenoreceptors of the vascular smooth muscle (smooth muscle contraction) and splanchnic GI

A

A1

121
Q

adrenoreceptors of the vascular smooth muscle (smooth muscle relaxation)

A

B2

122
Q

ejaculation : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

SYMPA

123
Q

erection : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

PARA

124
Q

PILOERECTION : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

SYMPA

125
Q

vasoconstriction : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

126
Q

vasodilation - skeletal muscle : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

127
Q

defecation and urination : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

para

128
Q

uterine contraction : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

129
Q

GU and GI Sphincter Contraction : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

syma

130
Q

increased blood glucose, lipids : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

131
Q

GI motility/ peristalsis : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

para

132
Q

bronchoconstriction : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

133
Q

glandularsecretion : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

para

134
Q

salivation : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa : mucoid sticky para:watery serous

135
Q

sweating : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

136
Q

accomodation : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

para

137
Q

mydriasis : SYMPA or PARASympa

A

sympa

PHYSIO (5 decks)

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