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Respiratory System > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is breathing in an active or a passive process?

A

Active

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2
Q

If the pressure of the outside air is higher than the air in the thorax what will happen?

A

You will breathe in

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2
Q

What is primarily controlling your respiratory rate?

A

Your blood gases

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3
Q

If the atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure in your thorax what will happen?

A

Air will move in to the thorax and hence you will breathe in

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4
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air that is alwasy remaining in the lungs so that they dont collapse

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5
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air that is alwasy remaining in the lungs so that they dont collapse

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6
Q

What does the vital capacity tell us?

A

The total volume of air that can enter the lungs on inspiration

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7
Q

If we were able to perfectly match ventilation and perfusion what would happen?

A

You would have maximum gas exchange between the lungs and the pulmonary circulation.

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8
Q

What is the average VQ matching value?

A

Between 0.8 and 1.0

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9
Q

How can we optimise the VQ matching?

A

Altering the bronchiole and pulmonary arteriole radius

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10
Q

What tissues in the body will require the most amount of oxygen?

A

Contracting muscle

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11
Q

How does most of the CO2 in the body get transported?

A

As a carbonate

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12
Q

Is CO2 or oxygen more soluble?

A

CO2

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13
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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14
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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15
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the mediastinum?

A

Mediastinal surfaces of the lungs and the lung hila

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16
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura called?

A

Parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

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17
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

The pleural cavity

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18
Q

What is a haemothorax?

A

When you have blood in the pleural cavity

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19
Q

Where does the trachea sit in the body in relation to the oesophagus?

A

Anterior

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20
Q

What is found between the trachea and the oesophagus?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerves

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21
Q

What is the structure called that allows things to enter and leave the lungs?

A

The hilum

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22
Q

What nerve runs anterior to the hilum to supply the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

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23
Q

On a normal chest x-ray how big should the heart be?

A

Less than 50% of the x-ray

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24
Q

Where do the left and right bronchial arteries originate from?

A

The descending aorta

25
Q

Where do the bronchial veins drain into?

A

The azygos system

26
Q

What part of the body initiates breathing?

A

The respiratory centre

27
Q

What are the 3 different types of neurones that send APs to the respiratory muscles to signal for breath?

A

~Medullary rhythmicity
~Pneumotaxic centre
~Apneustic centre

28
Q

What neurones are the inspiration and expiration groups?

A

Medullary rhythmicity

29
Q

What neurones help to coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration?

A

Pneumotaxic centres

30
Q

What neurones send impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration?

A

Apneustic centres

31
Q

What are the two different types of respiratory groups?

A

~Dorsal respiratory group
~Ventral respiratory group

32
Q

What nerves have an input to the dorsal respiratory group?

A

9th and 10th

33
Q

Where is the output to from the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Respiratory muscles

34
Q

When does the activity of the ventral respiratory group increase?

A

When you are exercising or have a certain lung disease

35
Q

What respiratory group is inactive in normal quiet breathing?

A

Ventral respiratory group

36
Q

Why do we require respiratory control?

A

To maintain homeostasis of gases and pH

37
Q

What are the two ways that we can modify the rhythm of breathing?

A

~Higher centres
~Baroreceptors, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

38
Q

What are the two different subgroups of higher centres?

A

hypothalamus and limbic system, and the cerebral cortex

39
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence breathing the most?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH

40
Q

What are the two different types of chemoreceptors?

A

Peripheral and central

41
Q

What changes do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

A decrease in the partial pressure of CO2

42
Q

Are peripheral chemoreceptors more or less sensitive to a pH change?

A

More sensitive

43
Q

What type of chemoreceptors are the main source of tonic drive to breathe?

A

Central chemoreceptors

44
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

In the medulla

45
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors primarily respond to?

A

Changes in the partial pressure of CO2

46
Q

What are the effects of a patient having hypercapnia?

A

Their chemoreceptors will become adapted and this depresses ventilation

47
Q

What is more effective at controlling respiration, hypercapnia or hypoxia?

A

Hypercapnia

48
Q

What are some factors that we can change to increase the diffusion rate?

A

Surface area and the thickness of the membrane

49
Q

What area of the lungs is poorly perfused?

A

The upper lobes of the lungs

50
Q

Do the upper lobes of the lungs get more or less ventilation in comparison to the lower lobes of the lungs?

A

Less ventilation as there is less perfusion

51
Q

Why are the upper lobes of the lungs poorly perfused?

A

Because the pulmonary system is held under low pressure, and so it is harder for the blood to travel to the top of the lungs as it is working against gravity.

52
Q

If an oxygen dissociation curve has moved to the left, what effect does this have on the Hb affinity for oxygen?

A

You have a higher affinity for oxygen

53
Q

What can cause an oxygen dissociation curve to move to the left?

A

~Increased pH
~Decreased CO2
~Decrease in temperature

54
Q

When do you want an oxygen dissociation curve to move to the left?

A

In the lungs, so that you can keep hold of the oxygen

55
Q

What does it mean if an oxygen dissociation curve moves to the right?

A

You have a lower affinity for oxygen

56
Q

When might an oxygen dissociation curve move to the right?

A

~Higher CO2
~Lower pH
~Increase in temperature

57
Q

When will you want an oxygen dissociation curve to move to the right?

A

In the muscle when you want to off load the oxygen to the contracting and respiring muscles

58
Q

What type of oxygen mask should a patient be on if they are having an ABG done?

A

Venturi mask

59
Q

What is the ideal pH for the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

What are the two main things that control the pH of the blood?

A

Resp rate and bicarbonate secretion

Respiratory System (3 decks)

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