Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > PHYSIOLOGY And Some Schemes Of Endocrine Ca And P Phisiology > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY And Some Schemes Of Endocrine Ca And P Phisiology Flashcards

1
Q

Oral mucosa and esophagus present …. Epithelium

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stomach, intestine and colon present… epithelium

A

Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gastric glands have… cells

A

Principal and parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Duodenal glands of Brunner have…. cells

A

Mucinous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intestinal crypts of lieberkuhn have… cells

A

Paneth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Salival glands present… cells

A

Acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gastric secretion has the … pH

A

Lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pancreatic secretion and Brunner glands have the … pH

A

Highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most of the secreted fluid comes from…

A

Stomach and Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serous secretion is characteristic of … glands

A

Parotid, submaxilar and sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mucinous secretion is characteristic of … glands

A

Submaxilar, sublingual and bucal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contents of serosa

A

Ptialine, which breaks down starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Content of the saliva

A

Potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and sodium mainly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary secretions coming from the acinous salivary glands move through the duct where it becomes a secondary secretion:

A

Very rich in potassium and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stimuli for acid secretion by parietal cells

A

Acetylcholine (released by the vagus nerve which innervates parietal cells), Gastrin (produced by G cells in the antrum), histamine (enterocromaffin-like).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Secretory cells in gastric/oxyntic glands

A
  • Mucous or principal cells which produce MUCUS (bicarbonate)
  • Parietal cells, which produce Hcl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12
  • Chief cells, which produce pepsinogen (for protein breakdown)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pyloric or tubular glands contain endocrine cells such as…

A
  • G cells, which release gastrin (stimulate Hcl secretion)
  • D cells, which release somatostatin (inhibit Gastrin and Hcl release)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL), which release HISTAMINE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CEPHALIC PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION

A
  • 30% of total Hcl secretion
  • Stimuli are taste and smell
  • Direct vagal stimulation or indirect (via gastrin) for Hcl release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GASTRIC PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION

A
  • 60% of total Hcl secretion
  • Stimuli: gastric distension, presence of peptides
  • Direct or indirect (gastrin) vagal stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

INTESTINAL PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION

A

-10% of total Hcl secretion
- Mediated by protein digestion products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Complete this scheme bout neuro-hormonal GI secretion

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Histamine stimulus is…

A

GASTRIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Histamine action in the stomach:

A

Increase Hcl secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Histamine origin

A

ECL cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gastrin origin

A

G cells antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gastrin stimulus

A

Distension and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gastric actions in the stomach

A

Increases: emptying, Hcl secretion, Pepsin (by chief cells), and Histamine (ECL cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC actions in the stomach

A

Emptying, Hcl production by parietal cells, Pepsinogen production by chief cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secretin stimulus

A

Acidity and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secretin action in the stomach

A

Increase secretion of pepsinogen by chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Somatostatin actions in the stomach

A

Decrease emptying and Hcl secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Somatostatin stimulus

A

Acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Somatostatin origin

A

D cells antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cholecystokinin action in the stomach

A

Decrease emptying, increase Hcl secretion (stimulus is fat and proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cholecystokinin origin

A

I cells duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Secretion in the duodenum is done by…

A

Brunner Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Function of Brunner glands duodenum

A

Secretion of alcalin mucus for protection against Hcl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Brunner glands duodenum stimuli

A
  • touch, distension and irritants
  • PS innervation (X)
  • Secretin (S cells duodenum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Secretin not only increases pepsinogen secretion but also stimulates…

A

Brunner glands in duodenum (for mucus production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Inhibition Brunner glands

A

Stress, Sympathetic system (causing stress ulcers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Secretion along the small inestine is carried out by…

A

Lieberkühn crypts at the base of the intestinal villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of ENTEROCYTES in Lieberkühn crypts of small intestine

A

Secretion of water and electrolytes, absorption of digestion products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Function of GLOBET CELLS in Lieberkühn crypts of small intestine

A

Mucus for pretectiom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of Paneth cells in Lieberkühn crypts of small intestine

A

Antimicrobial defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Function of Stem cells in Lieberkühn crypts of small intestine

A

Renewing of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

…. secrete enzymes such as peptidases, sacarases, maltases, lactases, intestinal lipases in the small inestine

A

Enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Mechanism of water secretion in Lieberkühn crypts of small inestine

A

Active transport of Cl- and HcO3- with passive diffusion of Na+ (water gets dragged by Na)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

La diarrea en la quimio surge porque…

A

Mueren las stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In large intestine there are… but no…

A

Lieberkühn crypts, intestinal villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In large intestine there are … and …, even though they do not produce digestive enzymes as in small inestine

A

Goblet cells (more than in small intestine), enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Main function of large intestine

A

Absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins stimulated by PS SYSTEM

53
Q

Mucus functions in large intestine

A

Protection and feces cohesion

54
Q

Secretin hormone function in the pancreas

A

Activates ductal cells to produce HCO3- rich fluid

55
Q

Cholecystokinin function in the pancreas

A

Activates acinar cells to produce enzymes

56
Q

Types of cells in the exocrine pancreas

A

Ductal: with a main pancreatic duct (Wirsung)
Acinar: secreting digestive enzymes to pancreatic ducts

57
Q

Secretin action in the pancreas

A

Increase HCO3 in duct cells

58
Q

Cholecystokinin action in the pancreas

A

Increase enzymatic secretion in the acinar cells

59
Q

Parasympathetic action in the pancreas

A

Enzyme secretion by acinar cells, HCO3 secretion by ductal cells

60
Q

The pancreas has 2 main functions

A

Digestion (acinar cells)
Hydration and alkalinization by ductal cells

61
Q

Hereditary pancreatitis is usually developed because of…

A

Problems in the trypsin gene

62
Q

In acinar secretion, …. (zymogen) is released with …
In the small intestine it is converted into … by the … (from duodenal enterocytes).
Finally, … will convert the rest of zymogens in the duodenum.

A

Trypsinogen, trypsin inhibitors, trypsin, enterokinase
Trypsin.

63
Q

Acinar cells produce many regulatory factors such as…

A

Pro-colipase, trypsin inhibitors, monitor peptide.

64
Q

Ductal secretions are… rich

A

Bicarbonate

65
Q

HCO3 from ductal secretions comes from…

A

The production inside the cells with Carbonic anhydrase and the extraction of it from blood

66
Q

Exit of Cl to the lumen in ductal secretion is done thanks to…, and its recycling by…

A

CFTR (the one of cystic fibrosis), Cl/HCO3- PUMP

67
Q

In ductal secretion in the pancreas, the hydrogen ions exit the cell to the to the interstitium via the..

A

Na+/H+ exchanger

68
Q

After pancreatic bicarbonate rich secretion thanks to ductal cells, …. in the lumen reacts with … from the stomach so as to neutralise the pH before pancreatic enzymes (from the acinar cells of the pancreas) become active in the small intestine.

A

HCO3-, Hcl

69
Q

Stimuli for HCO3- secretion in ductal cells

A

Secretin (produced by S cells in the small intestine) and Ach from the PS system.

70
Q
A
71
Q

The gallbladder stores … produced by the liver and then releases it along with pancreatic secretions into the 2nd portion of the duodenum thought the …

A

Bile, Ampulla of Vater

72
Q

Composition of bile

A

Water, bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments (bilirubin), Na+, HCO3X and other electrolytes

73
Q
A
74
Q

Biliary secretion functions

A

Facilitates the emulsion, solubilization andabsortion of fat
Helps alcalization of the duodenal lumen
Extrection of byproducts by metabolism from the organism.

75
Q
A
76
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of biliary secretion?

A
  1. Relaxation of the Oddi Sphincter (X)
  2. Bile to the duodenum before the chyme
77
Q

Action of CCK (I cells duodenum) in the intestinal phase of biliary secretion

A

CHOLAGOGUE ACTION: contracts the gallbladder and increases the passage of bile to the duodenum

78
Q

Action of secretin (S cells duodenum) in the intestinal phase of biliary secretion

A

CHOLETERIC ACTION: it increases the production of bile by the hepatocytes and of luid from ductal cells

79
Q

Gallbladder is essential (T/F)

A

False: it is not essential. without it there is not bile concentration and the flux of bile is constant although it also increases with meals

80
Q

Cholecystokinin and Acetylcholine of the PS NERVOUS SYSTEM cause…

A

Contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.

81
Q

Stimuli for biliary secretion

A
82
Q

Secondary bile acids in the intestine suffer…. so as to become bile salts

A

CONJUGATION

83
Q

Main characteristic of bile salts that allow them to carry out fragmentation and emulsification as well as solubilisation and absorption

A

They are amphipatic

84
Q

Free and already used bile salts diffuse into the blood and enter …

A

Portal circulation

85
Q

… of bile acids are recycled, losing only… through the feces.

A

95%, 5%

86
Q
A
87
Q

Hepatic structure

A
88
Q

Anatomical unit of the liver

A

Hepatic lobule

89
Q

Functional unit of the liver

A

Hepatic acinus

90
Q

Hepatic zones

A

ZONE 1: peripheral or porto-portal
ZONE 2: intermediate
ZONE 3: peri-central

91
Q

Hepatic sinusoids have …. endothelium and have/do not have basement membrane

A

Fenestrated, do not have

92
Q

In the space of disse we find … cells

A

HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS

93
Q

Flow per minute reaching the liver
1. Portal vein:
2. Hepatic artery:
3. Total approx:

A
  1. 1L (75%)
  2. 300 ml (25%)
  3. 1.3L=27% of cardiac output
94
Q

When do we consider there is considerable portal hypertension?

A

If the gradient is greater than 10mmHg (from portal vein to hepatic veins)

95
Q

Main cause of liver hypertension

A

Liver CIRRHOSIS

96
Q

Portal hypertension is usually due to LIVER CIRRHOSIS (increased fibrosis). There is resistance to portal hepatic flow and the flow finds collateral venous systems, which cause problems such as:

A
  • ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
  • SPLENOMEGALY
  • ASCITES
  • HYPERPLENISM (sequester platelets)
97
Q

Main cell responsible for liver regeneration

A

Mature hepatocyte

98
Q

Molecules involved in priming phase of liver regeneration

A

INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES: TNFa, IL6

99
Q

Molecules involved in proliferation phase of liver regeneration

A

GROWTH FACTORS: EGF, HGF

100
Q

Molecules involved in termination phase of liver regeneration

A

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR: TGFb

101
Q

Hepatic venous blood after liver passage is sterile because … cells purifícate bacterial products

A

KUPFFER CELLS

102
Q

Kupfer cells enter the … through the … in response to chemokines and damage signals.

A

space of Disse
fenestrae of sinusoidal endothelium

103
Q

Which proteins does the liver store?

A

A, D and B12

104
Q

Hepatocytes contain large amounts of … (lo que te falta a ti)

A

FERRITIN

105
Q

Liver is also responsible for protein production of the…

A

COAGULATION CASCADE

• Fibrinogen, prothrombin, Factor V (acceleratingglobulin), Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X
• Some depend on vitamin K for their hepaticproduction: “1972” (Factor 10, 9, 7 and protromin -factor 2-)

106
Q

Gluconeogenesis is increased in zone … of the liver

A

1 (peripheral, porto-portal)

107
Q

GLYCOLISIS is increased in zone… of the liver

A

3 (peri-central)

108
Q
A
109
Q

Jaundice can be cause due to…

A

LIVER- BILIARY DISEASES (problem in excretion of conjugated bilirubin to bile duct) or HEMOLYSIS (increased unconjugated bilirubin production)

110
Q

…. is absorbed by the liver and converted into …

A

Indirect/unconjugated, direct or conjugated

111
Q

Conjugated bilirubin is excreted through the … until it reaches the intestines

A

Bile duct

112
Q

Conjugated bilirubin is transformed into … by intestinal microbiome

A

UROBILINOGEN

113
Q

UROBILINOGEN is transformed into … and excreted through the feces

A

STERCOBILINOGEN AND STERCOBILIN

114
Q

UROBILINOGEN is converted into … in the kidneys and excreted through urine

A

Urobilin

115
Q

18% of UROBILINOGEN is reabsorbed by the intestinal walls, entering the … and being recycled (it returns to liver)

A

ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION

116
Q

The liver transforms … into … by a process known an, it is then excrete through urine

A

NH3, UREA, UREA CYCLE

117
Q

Bilirubin detoxification scheme

A
118
Q

Ammonia detoxification scheme

A
119
Q

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS FUNCTIONS

A
120
Q

PROTAGONISTS IN PHOSPHO-CALCIUM METABOLISM

A
121
Q

REGULATION OF PTH RELEASE

A
122
Q

PTH ACTIONS AND VIT D ACTIVATION

A
123
Q

EFFECTS OF PTH ON BONE

A
124
Q

EFFECTS OF PTH ON KIDNEY

A
125
Q

SYNTHESIS AND EFFECTS OF VIT D

A
126
Q

INTESTINAL CALCIUM REABSORPTION

A
127
Q

HORMONAL RESPONSE TO HYPOCALCEMIA

A
128
Q

When the lower esophageal sphincter does not work properly, it is called…

A

ACHALASIA

129
Q

Migrating motor complex is..

A

Small wave of contraction during fasting in small intestine which cleans dead cells, bacteria…

Carried out by MOTILIN

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions