Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

0
Q

where is the fovea centralis

A

the area of greatest visual acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Snellen eye chart

A

ratio of what that person can see compared to a person with normal vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how large is the fovea centralis

A

o.5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much does acuity drop when outside the fovea visual acuity?

A

visual acuity drops 10x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the central fovea composed of?

A

almost entirely of long slender cones to aid in detection of detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 things needed for depth perception?

A

relative size, moving parallax, stereopsis-binocular vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is moving parallax?

A

as the head moves, objects closer move across the visual field at a greater rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is stereopsis?

A

binocular visions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what secretes aqueous Humor.

A

ciliary body (epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the aqueous humor flow into?

A

flows into anterior chamber and drained by Canal of Schlemm (vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what drains aqueous humor?

A

Canal of schlemm (vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the intraoccular pressure?

A

12-20 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure which leads to compression of optic N (can lead to blindness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

treatment for glaucoma?

A

drugs and surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a peripheral extension of the CNS?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what processes visual signal?

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the photoreceptors within the retina?

A

rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Only retinal cells that generate action potentials are what?

A

ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bipolar ganglion, horizontal, amacrine are cells of what structure?

A

the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens when we have a decrease in rhodopsin?

A

we have a decrease in Na+ conduction and the photoreceptors hyperpolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

photoreceptors release less NT (glutamate) when stimulated by what/?

A

light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are invaginating bipolars?

A

the “ON” hyperpolarized bipolar cells by glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Flat bipolars?

A

the “OFF” or depolarized bipolar cells by NT glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do bipolar cells connect?

A

they connect photoreceptors to either ganglion cells or amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the action of a bipolar cell?

A

passive spread of summated postsynaptic potentials (No AP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what variety do we have of ganglion cells?

A

ON or OFF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the subtypes of ganglion cells?

A

X(P) cells
Y (M) cells
W cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What carries the Action potential that ganglion cells generate?

A

the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do M ganglion cells detect?

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do P ganglion cells detect?

A

color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where do P ganglion cells project to?

A

Parvo of LGN

31
Q

Where do the M ganglion cells project to?

A

Magno of LGN

32
Q

What ganglion cell is bipolar small and slow?

A

P ganglion cell

33
Q

Where do P (X) cells give input?

A

bipolar cells

34
Q

Where do M (Y) cells give input to ?

A

Amacrine

35
Q

whats the velocity of P (X) cell types?

A

they are slow

36
Q

What is the velocity of the M (Y) cells?

A

they are fast

37
Q

What is the rec. field of P(X) cells?

A

small

38
Q

What is the Rec. field of M (Y) cells?

A

Large

39
Q

What ganglion cells are the smallest ad slowest?

A

W ganglion cells

40
Q

which ganglion cells detect directional movement?

A

W ganglion cells

41
Q

When horizontal cells depolarize what to they inhibit?

A

they inhibit photoreceptor

42
Q

What cell is responsible for center-surround antagonism?

A

horizontal cells

43
Q

Amacrine cells receive input from which cells?

A

bipolar cells

44
Q

where do amacrine cells project to?

A

ganglion cells

45
Q

what NT’s do Amacrine cells release?

A

GABA, dopamine

46
Q

what is the ratio of cones to bipolar to ganglion in the fovea?

A

1 cone to 1 bipolar cell to 1 ganglion cell

47
Q

In the peripheral retina what is the ratio of robs to bipolar to ganglion cells?

A

hundreds of rods can supply a single bipolar cell and many bipolar cells connected to 1 ganglion cells

48
Q

in darkness how much can we increase retinal sensitivity?

A

10,000 fold

49
Q

how well do cones adapt in the dark?

A

adaption is < 100 fold in the first 10 minutes

50
Q

how well do rod adapt in the dark?

A

rods adapt > 100 fold in approximately 50 minutes

51
Q

what are the 3 cones we have?

A 
Blue sensitive (445nm)
Green sensitive (535)
red sensitive (570)
52
Q

what chromosome is color blindness carried on?

A

color blindness is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome

53
Q

in what sex does color blindness occur?

A

almost exclusively in male

54
Q

what is the most common color blindness?

A

red-green color blindness

missing either red or green cones

55
Q

what sex transmit color blindness?

A

females

56
Q

What is the loss of red cones called?

A

protanope

57
Q

What is the loss of green cones called?

A

deuteranope

58
Q

Individuals with protanope have a decrease in what?

A

decrease in overall visual spectrum

59
Q

protanopes and deuteranopes have problems distinguishing what colors?

A

green, yellow, orange and red

60
Q

what is the loss of blue cone called?

A

blue weakness

61
Q

what is the visual pathway?

A

Optic N to Optic Chiasm to Optic tract to Lateral Geniculate body to 1` visual cortex

62
Q

in the visual pathway where is the first synapse?

A

Lateral Geniculate body

63
Q

What nucleus is our biological clock function?

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

64
Q

what nucleus is for reflex of the movement of the eyes to focus on objects of importance?

A

pretectal nuclei

65
Q

where do we have orienting reactions?

A

superior colliculus

66
Q

what control’s rapid directional movements of both eyes?

A

superior colliculus

67
Q

What kind of vision do you have when you have bitemporal hemianopia?

A

tunnel vision

68
Q

If the optic tract is cut what vision does the individual end up with?

A

left/right homonymous hemianopia

69
Q

what do simple cells respond to?

A

they respond to bar of light/dark

70
Q

what cell is motion dependent?

A

complex cells are motion dependent but have the same orientation sensitivity as simple cells

71
Q

what is the starting point of cortical color processing?

A

color blobs

72
Q

what are color blobs rich in?

A

cytochrome oxidase in center of each occular dominance band

73
Q

where are color blobs rich in cytochrome oxidase?

A

in the center of each occular dominance band

74
Q

Where do vertical columns input into?

A

layer IV

75
Q

what kind of pathway break down and sent visual signals?

A

parallel pathways

76
Q

what controls voluntary fixation mechanism (anterior)?

A

controlled by cortical field bilaterally in premotor cortex

Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions