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Y2 Endocrine > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the names of the three hormone subtypes

A

steroids
proteins & peptides
amine hormones

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2
Q

what is the precursor for steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

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3
Q

what is the rate limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol converted to pregenolone

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4
Q

are steroid hormones stored or made on demand

A

made on demand

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5
Q

roughly how long is the half life of steroid hormones

A

hours or days

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6
Q

are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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7
Q

give examples of three steroid hormones

A

cortisol, progesterone, testosterone

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8
Q

where in the cell are protein and peptide hormones made

A

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

are protein and peptide hormones stored or made on demand

A

stored in vesicle

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10
Q

what triggers protein and peptide hormone release

A

ca dependent exocytosis

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11
Q

are protein and peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

are steroid hormones free or bound

A

bound

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13
Q

are protein and peptide hormones free or bound

A

free

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14
Q

what is meant by a free hormone

A

crosses capillary wall and activates receptor

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15
Q

roughly how long is the half life of protein and peptide hormones

A

minutes

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16
Q

what is the precursor of amine hormones

A

tyrosine or tryptophan

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17
Q

are amine hormones stored or made on demand

A

stored in vesicle

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18
Q

what triggers amine hormone release

A

ca dependent exocytosis

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19
Q

are amine hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

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20
Q

roughly how long is the half life of amine hormones

A

seconds

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21
Q

give 5 examples of amine hormones

A

adrenaline, T3, T4, melatonin, dopamine

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22
Q

give 3 examples of peptide hormones

A

ACTH, ADH, oxytocin

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23
Q

give 3 examples of protein hormones

A

insulin, growth hormone, prolactin

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24
Q

give 4 examples of plasma proteins

A

corticosteroid binding globulin, thyroxine binding globulin, albumin (T4), SSBG

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25
Q

what are the 3 classes or hormone receptors

A

steroid receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, g protein coupled receptors

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26
Q

put these in order for class 1 steroid receptor mechanism

A inhibitory HSP protein dissociation
B forms dimer
C hormone diffuses over membrane
D alters mRNA level
E combines with intracellular receptor
F complex translocates to nucleus
G binds to HRE in DNA
A

C, E, A, F, B, G, D

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27
Q

what is the mechanism of class 2 nuclear receptors

A

activated by lipids in nucleus

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28
Q

where are mineralocorticoid receptors located

A

kidney, salivary glands, gut, sweat glands

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29
Q

what types of hormones are activated at RTK receptors

A

proteins and peptides

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30
Q

what types of hormones are activated at GPCRs

A

amines and some proteins/peptides

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31
Q

what is a GPCR formed of

A

7-transmembrane domain, G-protein complex and hydrophilic ligand

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32
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto epithelial surfaces, endocrine glands are ductless and secrete into the circulation

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33
Q

what term describes more than one hormone acting having a complimentary action

A

cooperativity

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34
Q

give examples of hormones that demonstrate cooperativiy

A

GH, insulin, sex steroids

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35
Q

what factors effect measuring hormone concentrations

A

secretion pattern, carrier protein, interfering agent, ½ life, absolute conc

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36
Q

what test would you carry out if you suspected a hormone deficiency

A

stimulation test

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37
Q

what test would you carry out if you suspected a hormone excess

A

suppression test

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38
Q

what do pancreatic beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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39
Q

what do pancreatic alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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40
Q

what do pancreatic gamma cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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41
Q

what is normal blood glucose concentration

A

3.6-5.8

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42
Q

what cofactor is required for aerobic respiration

A

magnesium

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43
Q

how is glucose stored

A

in liver/muscle as glycogen

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44
Q

what reaction occurs to free stored glucose from the liver

A

glycogenolysis

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45
Q

why is blood glucose control important in relation to the brain

A

brain is glucose obligate; can’t make its own, gets its energy from circulating glucose

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46
Q

why is insulin the most important hormone is blood glucose control

A

it is the only one that can decrease blood glucose

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47
Q

what is the function of GLUT2

A

facilitates transport of glutamate into beta cells via diffusion

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48
Q

what is the function of glucokinase

A

phosphorylates glucose

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49
Q

what is the function of glucagon

A

increases blood sugar by inhibiting phosphofructokinase

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50
Q

what hormone is released by the pancreas during feeding

A

insulin

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51
Q

where in the beta cell is insulin produced

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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52
Q

is insulin anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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53
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate gluconeogenesis

A

inhibits

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54
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate glycogenolysis

A

inhibits

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55
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate fatty acid - triglyceride conversion

A

stimulates

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56
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate glycogenesis

A

stimulates

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57
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate lipolysis

A

inhibits

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58
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate lipogensis

A

stimulates

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59
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen to glucose

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60
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

non-carbohydrate substance to glucose

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61
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

glucose to glycogen

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62
Q

where to glycogenesis occur

A

liver and muscle

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63
Q

where does lipogenesis occur

A

adipose tissue and liver

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64
Q

does insulin inhibit or stimulate protein degradation

A

inhibits

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65
Q

what is the readily releasable pool

A

a pool of pre-formed insulin that can be rapidly secreted

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66
Q

what is the initial trigger for insulin release

A

increased extracellular glucose

67
Q

put these steps in order for insulin release

A cell depolarisation
B secretory vesicles fuse with membrane
C ATP inhibits KATP channel Kir6.2 subunit
D increased extracellular glucose
E insulin release
F increased internal conc of calcium
G increased intracellular ATP
H voltage gated Ca channel opens
A

D, G, C, A, H, F, B, E

68
Q

what are the three components of the KATP channel

A

Kir6 pore subunit, sulphonylurea SUR1 subunit & sulphonylurea receptor

69
Q

sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation during digestion

A

parasympathetic

70
Q

what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on insulin secretion

A

decreases it

71
Q

what type of autonomic input decreases insulin secretion

A

sympathetic

72
Q

what type of autonomic input is activated when glucose is required e.g. during exercise

A

sympathetic

73
Q

what effect does amino acids in the blood have on insulin secretion

A

decreases it

74
Q

what effect on glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide have on insulin secretion

A

decreases it

75
Q

what type of signalling does insulin use

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

76
Q

what is formed from acetyl-CoA beta oxidation

A

ketones

77
Q

what vertebral level is the thyroid gland

A

5th cervical to 1st thoracic vertebrae

78
Q

what are physiological causes for increase in size of the thyroid gland

A

pregnancy, menstruation

79
Q

are thyroid hormones bound or unbound when active

A

unbound

80
Q

what is the name of the central structure connecting the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland

A

isthmus

81
Q

what are the contents of thyroid follicles

A

follicular cells and colloid

82
Q

what is the function of colloid

A

secretes thyroglobulin

83
Q

what is the function of parafollicular c cells

A

secrete calcitonin

84
Q

what is the function of calcitonin

A

decreases serum calcium

85
Q

what is the full name of T4

A

thyroxine

86
Q

which thyroid hormone is the most potent

A

T3

87
Q

which thyroid hormone has higher concentrations

A

T4

88
Q

what happens to T4

A

converted to T3 by liver/kidney

89
Q

what plasma proteins carry thyroid hormones

A

TBG, prealbumin, albumin

90
Q

are the majority of thyroid hormones bound or unbound

A

99% bound

91
Q

what effect do thyroid hormones have on BMR, thermogenesis, protein synthesis, BG, mitochondria and bone turnover

A

increases all of it

92
Q

what nerve is the parasympathetic supply to the thyroid gland

A

vagus nerve

93
Q

what nerve is the sympathetic supply to the thyroid gland

A

sympathetic trunk

94
Q

what is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

95
Q

what is the venous drainage from the thyroid gland

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

96
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

sella turcica in pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

97
Q

what structure is superior to the pituitary gland (not pituitary stalk or hypothalamus)

A

optic chiasm

98
Q

what structure is lateral to the pituitary gland

A

cavernous sinus

99
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

100
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

101
Q

what are the two hormones secrete from the posterior pituitary

A

ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin

102
Q

what are the trophic hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary

A

GH, PRL

103
Q

what are the non-trophic hormones secretes from the anterior pituitary

A

TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH

104
Q

what is the function of ADH

A

retains water

105
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

pituitary stalk

106
Q

what type of hormones are secrete from the hypothalamus

A

peptide hormones

107
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

A

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone

108
Q

what stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH

A

decreased temp

109
Q

what cells secrete TSH

A

thyrotroph cells

110
Q

what inhibits TSH release

A

stress

111
Q

what time of the day is thyroid hormone secretion highest

A

night

112
Q

how is the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulaed

A

T3 has negative feedback on TRH and TSH release

113
Q

what hormone is released form the hypothalamus in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

CRH

114
Q

what hormone is released from the pituitary in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

ACTH

115
Q

what part of the body does ACTH act on

A

adrenal cortex

116
Q

what is the function of ACTH

A

stimulate cortisol secretion

117
Q

what factors increase cortisol secretion

A

stress and illness

118
Q

what is the function of cortisol

A

increases gluconeogenesis

119
Q

how is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulated

A

negative feedback loop; cortisol can act on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

120
Q

what hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus in the growth hormone axis

A

GHRH & somatostatin

121
Q

what is the function of somatostatin

A

inhibits GH release

122
Q

what is secreted from the pituitary in the growth hormone axis

A

growth hormone and IGF-1

123
Q

what effect does growth hormone have on glucose uptake, lipolysis, protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis

A

increases it

124
Q

what is the function of IGF-1

A

induces protein synthesis and bone elongation

125
Q

what organ does IGF-1 act on

A

liver

126
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

GnRH

127
Q

what does the anterior pituitary secrete in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

gronadotropins FSH & LH

128
Q

what cells in the anterior pituitary secrete LH and FSH

A

gonadotroph cells

129
Q

what effect does GnRH have on FSH and LH

A

decreases FSH and increases LH

130
Q

what is the function of LH and FSH

A

stimulate gamete production, affect testosterone release

131
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete in the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis

A

PRH

132
Q

what is the effect of PRH

A

stimulates dopamine

133
Q

what is the effect of dopamine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis

A

acts on lactotroph cells to inhibit prolactin release

134
Q

what hormone inhibits GnRH

A

prolacti

135
Q

what is the role of prolactin

A

breast development and lactation

136
Q

which hormones secretion is usually affected first in pituitary pathology

A

growth hormones & sex hormones

137
Q

what test is used to measure cortisol

A

synacthen test

138
Q

is the adrenal gland retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A

retroperitoneal

139
Q

what is secreted from the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline

140
Q

what effect does adrenaline have on insulin secretion

A

decreases it

141
Q

what are the names of the zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

142
Q

what is secrete from the adrenal cortex zona reticularis

A

sex steroid prohormone DHEA

143
Q

what is secreted from the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids

144
Q

what effect does cortisol have on glucose uptake

A

decreases it except in brain

145
Q

what controls glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex zona fasciculata

A

ACTH

146
Q

what is secreted from the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoid aldosterone

147
Q

what stimulates RAAS

A

decreased BP, hyponatraemia

148
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

increases sodium retention & reabsorption to increase BP

149
Q

what hormones are released from the hypothalamus

A

GnRH, GRH, CRH, PRL, somatostatin, TRH

150
Q

what does trophic mean

A

stimulates another endocrine gland

151
Q

give examples of natural glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, cortisone

152
Q

what is more superficial; the adrenal cortex or the adrenal medulla

A

adrenal cortex

153
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

154
Q

what is the deepest layer of the adrenal cortex

A

zona reticularis

155
Q

is metabolic syndrome positive or negative feedback

A

positive feedback

156
Q

in metabolic syndrome are the triglycerides and HDL increased or decreased

A

increased triglycerides, decreased HDL

157
Q

what hormones are secreted by adipose tissue

A

leptin, cortisol, estrogen

158
Q

what is the mechanism of orlistat

A

inhibits lipases to block dietary fat absorption

159
Q

what is an example of a malabsorptive bariatric surgery

A

gastric bypass

160
Q

what is an example of a restrictive bariatric surgery

A

gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy

161
Q

is leptin deficient or in excess in obesity

A

deficient

162
Q

what effect does adaptive thermogenesis have on resting metabolic rate

A

decreases it

163
Q

where is renin released from

A

kidneys

164
Q

function of renin

A

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Y2 Endocrine (10 decks)

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