Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GASTRO > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many cells thick are the villi?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What PSNS nerves innervate the transverse colon?

A

Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What PSNS nerves innervate the ascending colon?

A

Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What PSNS nerves innervate the descending colon?

A

Pelvic splancnics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What it the GI circulation called?

A

Splanchnic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long do cells last on average in the GI tract?

A

3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pH of stomach acid?

A

1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pH of chyme in the jejunum?

A

7-7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is borborygmi?

A

Sounds that are heard as gases move in and out of the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the threshold potential for depolarization in the GI tract?

A

-40mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What two substances initiate contraction in peristalsis and where does this occur?

A

Small intestine - behind food bolus

Tachykinin and Ach/PSNS cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What substance initiates relaxation in peristalsis and where does this occur?

A

Small intestine - in front of food bolus

VIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What phase of the MMC is most significant for propulsion?

A

III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is motilin secreted from?

A

M cells of small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the myenteric net of the ENS?

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the submucosal net of the ENS?

A

Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structure is affected in Hirschsprung disease and what structure is dilated?

A

Internal anal sphincter does not open - megacolon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structure is affected in Achalasia and what structure is dilated?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter does not open - esophageal dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is digested fasted?

A

H20 and carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is digested slowest?

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the sphincter of Oddi found?

A

Gallbladder - releases bile into duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 5 substances that would cause depolarization of the slow wave in the GI tract.

A 
Stretch
Ach/PSNS
Gastrin
Serotonin (5-HT)
Substance P (tachykinin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is another name for serotonin?

A

5-HT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is another name for 5-HT?

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is another name for substance P?

A

Tachykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is another name for tachykinin?

A

Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name 3 substances that would cause hyperpolarization of the slow wave in the GI tract.

A

NE
NO
VIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is ilius?

A

Lack of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does a food bolus become chyme?

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exo - secrete into ducts - allows for modifications

Endo - secrete directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is heliobacter gram + or -?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the narrowing portion of the stomach called?

A

Antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which hormones stimulate pancreatic enzyme release?

A

CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which hormones stimulate pancreatic buffer release?

A

Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do the majority of digestive enzymes come from?

A

Pancreas (75%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What activates pancreatic amylase?

A

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where in the GI tract are acinar cells found and what is their function?

A

Exocrine cells - salivary and pancreatic exocrine glands, secrete into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is saliva hypo or hypertonic as compared to plasma?

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are two other names for TC-1?

A

R-protein or R-binder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which portion of the stomach is gastrin released from?

A

G-cells in antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach - pepsins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does starch digestion begin?

A

Mouth - alpha amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does lipid digestion begin?

A

Mouth - lingual lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Is the plasma leaving the stomach’s microcirculation acidic or basic and why?

A

Slightly basic due to exchange of HCO3 for Cl during acid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What ion balances are of concern for a patient with chronic vomiting?

A

Alkalemia - loss of HCl

Hypokalemia - loss of K from gastric secretion as well as saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What pancreatic cells release enzymes?

A

Acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What pancreatic cells release buffer?

A

Centroacinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

When does vagal action on the GI system stop?

A

When the stomach has no chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Is primary bile hydrophobic?

A

Amphipathic - cholesterol backbone and AA polar head group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Is secondary bile hydrophobic?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What amino acids are found on bile?

A

Taurine and glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What enzyme synthesizes cholesterol?

A

HMGA CoA Reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

Glucose and fuctose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What transporters carry glucose and galactose?

A

Sglt1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What transporters carry fructose?

A

Glut-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does SGLT-1 carry?

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does Glut-5 carry?

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What does Glut-2 carry?

A

Monosaccharides from enterocytes to intersitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In what population is lingual lipase most significant?

A

Neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

From what glands is lingual lipase secreted?

A

Von Ebner’s Glands in the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Is iron oxidized or reduced in enterocytes? What compound in responsible?

A

Reduced from Fe3+ to 2+ by ferrireductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Is bifidobacteria a good or bad gut bacteria?

A

Good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Is bacteroides a good or bad gut bacteria?

A

Bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?

A

Tears of esophageal lining from repeated retching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What blood supply feeds hepatocytes?

A

Portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What blood supply feeds the bile duct?

A

Hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the primary cause of secretory diarrhea?

A

Cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What gene and channel does cholera effect?

A

CFTR gene activating Cl- channel in enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the normal ECF to ICF ratio?

A

1/3:2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What antibiotic would you use to treat cholera?

A

Tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is another name for chief cells?

A

Zymogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What enzyme converts CO2 and H2O to H+?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

When and where would you expect to see canaliculi?

A

In parietal cell when actively making acid - cytoskeleton reconstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where do goblet cells first appear in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Where is Meissner’s plexus in the GI lining?

A

Submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus in the GI lining?

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where along the GI tract would you expect to find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Esophagus and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands?

A

Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Where along the GI tract would you expect to find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Stomach and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Where in the stomach do you find deep gastric pits?

A

Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Where in the stomach do you find shallow glands?

A

Cardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Where in the stomach do toy find short pits?

A

Body / fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Where in the GI tract would you find Peyer’s patches?

A

Jejunum / Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Where in the GI tract would you find lymph nodules versus nodes?

A

Nodules: pylorus and jejunum/ileum
Nodes: colon

87
Q

What layer of the colon is responsible for water reabsorption?

A

Apical layer

88
Q

What layer of the colon is responsible for sodium regulation?

A

Basal layer

89
Q

What part of the GI tract has bidirectional cell flow?

A

Stomach

90
Q

What part of the GI tract has unidirectional cell flow?

A

Small intestine

91
Q

What cells in the colon are responsible for renewal?

A

+4 and CBCC

92
Q

Where in the GI tract would you expect to find plica circularis?

A

Small intestine

93
Q

What parts of the GI tract would you find skeletal muscle?

A

Upper esophagus and anus

94
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the stomach?

A

3

95
Q

How much fluid can the liver hold?

A

1 L

96
Q

Are GLUT-2 transporters insulin dependent or independent?

A

Independent

97
Q

Is HDL or LDL “good”?

A

HDL

98
Q

Is HDL or LDL “bad”?

A

LDL

99
Q

What substrates are used for gluconeogenesis?

A

Amino acids and glycerol

100
Q

What glucose transporters are found in the liver?

A

GLUT-2

Insulin independent

101
Q

What enzyme do statin drugs work on?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

102
Q

How is toxic NH3 excreted?

A

Liver converts to urea using CO2 and sends to the kidney

103
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to glycogen?

A

Glucokinase

104
Q

Is the liver intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

105
Q

What is the cause of Gilbert’s syndrome?

A

Reduced glururonyltransferase activity

106
Q

What is the cause of Crigler-Najjar syndrome?

A

No glururonyltransferase activity

107
Q

In the case of disturbed glururonyltransferase activity, what diseases might you suspect?

A

Gilbert’s or Crigler-Najjar syndrome

108
Q

What is the cause of Dublin-Johnson syndrome?

A

Hepatocytes cannot secrete bili into bile canaliculi

109
Q

If someone presents with dark liver, what would you suspect?

A

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

110
Q

What is Rotos syndrome?

A

Dubin-Johnson with less severe symptoms

111
Q

What does the portal acinus view of the liver consider?

A

Oxygenation of hepatocytes from the hepatic artery - closest to the artery (zone 1) is the most oxygenated

112
Q

What does the portal lobule view of the liver consider?

A

Bile drainage

113
Q

What does the classic hepatic lobule view of the liver consider?

A

Blood drains into central vein

114
Q

Which zone of the liver is most affected by hepatitis?

A

Zone 1

115
Q

Which zone of the liver is most affected by ischemia?

A

Zone 3

116
Q

Which zone of the liver is most affected by alcohol?

A

Zone 3

117
Q

Where would striated ducts be found?

A

Salivary glands

118
Q

Where would centroacinar cells be found?

A

Exocrine pancreas

119
Q

What secretion stimulates acinar cells?

A

CCK - enzyme release

120
Q

What secretion stimulates intercalated ducts?

A

Secretin - buffers

121
Q

What is pancreatic polypeptide and where is it secreted from?

A

Inhibits the exocrine pancreas - secreted from PP cells

122
Q

What do alpha pancreatic cells do?

A

Glucagon

123
Q

What do beta pancreatic cells do?

A

Insulin

124
Q

What do D pancreatic cells do?

A

Somatostatin

125
Q

What shape are cholangiocytes?

A

Cuboidal

126
Q

What is the function of cholangiocytes and where are they found?

A

Line the initial bile ductulus and are responsible for buffering bile via water and HCO3 secretion
Under secretin control

127
Q

What is another name for initial bile ductulus?

A

Hering’s Canals

128
Q

How does bile get into the gallbladder?

A

Stored when the sphincter of Oddi is closed (no need for bile) and flows through cystic duct into gallbladder

129
Q

What is the function of spiral folds in the cystic duct?

A

Always open

130
Q

What inhibits the endocrine pancreas?

A

Somatostatin

131
Q

What inhibits the exocrine pancreas?

A

PP - pancreatic polypeptide

132
Q

What are the two causes of pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol and gall stones

133
Q

Where in the liver do oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix?

A

Sinusoids

134
Q

What is another name for an Ito cell?

A

Stellate cell

135
Q

How can you distinguish ito cells histologically?

A

Fat droplets

136
Q

Where are ito cells found in the lobule?

A

Sinusoids or space of disse

137
Q

Do insulin or glucagon granules have a characteristic stripe? Which pancreatic cells do these identify?

A

Insulin - beta cells (endocrine pancreas)

138
Q

When does the gut tube form?

A

3rd week of gestation

139
Q

Does the enteric plexus or the spinal cord have more neurons in the adult?

A

Enteric plexus has 2x more neurons

140
Q

Which part of the gut is the respiratory system derived from?

A

Foregut

141
Q

Which part of the gut is the tracheal divirticulum derived from?

A

Foregut

142
Q

Which part of the gut is the esophagus derived from?

A

Foregut

143
Q

Which part of the gut is the stomach derived from?

A

Foregut

144
Q

Which part of the gut is the duodenum derived from?

A

Foregut (proximal) and midgut (distal)

145
Q

Which part of the gut is the pancreas derived from?

A

Foregut

146
Q

Which part of the gut is the liver derived from?

A

Foregut

147
Q

Which part of the gut is the gall bladder derived from?

A

Foregut

148
Q

Which part of the gut is the jejunum derived from?

A

Midgut

149
Q

Which part of the gut is the ileum derived from?

A

Midgut

150
Q

Which part of the gut is the cecum derived from?

A

Midgut

151
Q

Which part of the gut is the ascending colon derived from?

A

Midgut

152
Q

Which part of the gut is the transverse colon derived from?

A

Midgut (first half) and hindgut (second half)

153
Q

Which part of the gut is Meckel’s diverticulum derived from?

A

Midgut

154
Q

Which part of the gut is the descending colon derived from?

A

Hindgut

155
Q

Which part of the gut is the sigmoid colon derived from?

A

Hindgut

156
Q

Which part of the gut is the rectum derived from?

A

Hindgut

157
Q

What supplies organs of the foregut?

A

Celiac artery

158
Q

What supplies organs of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

159
Q

What supplies organs of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

160
Q

What does the greater omentum form from?

A

Dorsal mesentery

161
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery connect?

A

Dorsal aorta to gut tube

162
Q

During the first gut tube rotation, what does the left vagus become?

A

Anterior vagus

163
Q

During the first gut tube rotation, what does the right vagus become?

A

Posterior vagus

164
Q

What does the anterior vagus come from?

A

First gut tube rotation, left vagus

165
Q

What does the posterior vagus come from?

A

First gut tube rotation, right vagus

166
Q

What happens during the second gut tube rotation?

A

Pylorus becomes horizontal

167
Q

Where does the ventral mesentery exist?

A

Foregut

168
Q

What organs are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Duodenum (Parts 2-4)
Pancreas
Ascending colon
Descending colon

169
Q

Where does the gut tube blood supply come from?

A

Ventral intersegmental arteries

170
Q

Where do the intercostal arteries come from?

A

Dorsal intersegmental arteries

171
Q

Where do the renal arteries come from?

A

Lateral intersegmental arteries

172
Q

What do the ventral intersegmental arteries become?

A

Gut tube - celiac, SMA, IMA

173
Q

What do the dorsal intersegmental arteries become?

A

Intercostal arteries, supply to somites and muscle mass

174
Q

What do the lateral intersegmental arteries become?

A

Renal arteries

175
Q

Define Meckel’s Diverticulum.

A

Vitelline duct doesn’t fully regress into the abdominal cavity

176
Q

Define Malrotation of the intestine.

A

Non-rotated, reversed rotation (small intestine is anterior) or subhepatic cecum (no ascending cecum)

177
Q

Define Omphalocele.

A

Intestines don’t regress into abdominal cavity and remain outside the body but surrounded by peritoneum

178
Q

Define Gastroschisis.

A

Intestines don’t regress into abdominal cavity and remain outside the body but NOT surrounded by peritoneum

179
Q

What forms the lesser omentum?

A

Ventral mesentery

180
Q

Where does the falciform ligament come from?

A

Ventral ventral mesentery

181
Q

Where does the hepatogastric ligament come from?

A

Dorsal ventral mesentery

182
Q

Where does the hepatoduodenal ligament come from?

A

Dorsal ventral mesentery

183
Q

What ligaments form the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal

184
Q

What ligaments form the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal

185
Q

How is the cloacal plate divided?

A

By the urorectal septum:
Dorsal - rectum
Ventral - urogenital sinus

186
Q

Does the allantois grow towards or away from the cloacal plate?

A

Towards

187
Q

What levels of BMP and FGF cause liver formation?

A

High

188
Q

What levels of BMP and FGF cause pancreas and gallbladder formation?

A

Low

189
Q

What signaling molecules lead to development of the liver?

A

High BMP and FGF

190
Q

What signaling molecules lead to development of the pancreas and gallbladder?

A

Low BMP and FGF

191
Q

What does the dorsal pancreatic bud form?

A

Most of pancreas

192
Q

What does the ventral pancreatic bud form?

A

Pancreatic duct

193
Q

What do notch sensitive cells become?

A

Exocrine pancreas

194
Q

Where do notch sensitive cells receive signals from?

A

Gut endoderm

195
Q

What do notch insensitive cells become?

A

Endocrine pancreas

196
Q

Where do notch insensitive cells receive signals from?

A

Vasculature

197
Q

What signaling molecules form alpha cells?

A

Pax 6

198
Q

What signaling molecules form gamma cells?

A

Pax 6

199
Q

What signaling molecules form beta cells?

A

Pax 4

200
Q

What signaling molecules form delta cells?

A

Pax 4

201
Q

What is pax 4 signaling important for?

A

Beta and delta pancreatic cells

202
Q

What is pax 6 signaling important for?

A

Alpha and gamma pancreatic cells

203
Q

Define coelom.

A

Space between the visceral lateral plate (yolk sac)

and somatic lateral plate (amnion)

204
Q

What does the coelom separate?

A

Peritoneum from thorax

205
Q

Where is the intraembryonic and extraembryonic coelom connected?

A

Somites

206
Q

Name the four parts of the diaphragm

A

Septum Transversum
Dorsal mesentery of the esophagus
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
Posterior body wall

207
Q

Where does the Pleuroperitoneal membrane come from?

A

Mesonephric kidneys

208
Q

What does the septum transversum give rise to?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

209
Q

What gives rise to the separation of the pleural and pericardial sacs?

A

Intussusception

210
Q

Where is the enteric nerve plexus derived from?

A

Hindbrain and cervical neural crest cells

211
Q

What is the somatic lateral plate associated with?

A

Amnion

212
Q

What is the visceral plate associated with?

A

Yolk Sac

213
Q

What separates the pleural and pericardial sacs?

A

Pleuropericardial membrane

GASTRO (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions