Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Physiology: Adrenal Gland Hormones > Flashcards

Physiology: Adrenal Gland Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland Origin

A

Cortex - mesoderm

Medulla - neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Zona Fasciulata

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Androgens

A

Zona Reticularis

Dehydroepiandrosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synthesis of Aldosterone

A

Cholesterol via STAR -> Pregnenolone -> Progesterone –21 hydroxylase -> 11-deoxycorticosterone –aldosterone synthase -> corticosterone –> 18-OH corticocterone –> aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synthesis of Cortisol

A

Cholesterol via STAR -> Pregnenolone -> Progesterone –17A hydroxylase -> 17 OH Progesterone – 21 hyroxylase -> 11-deoxycortisol – 11 B hydroxylase (ACTH regulated) -> Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synthesis of Androstendione

A

Cholesterol via STAR -> Pregnenolone -> Progesterone –17A hydroxylase -> 17 OH Progesterone – CYP 17 (17,20 lyase) -> Androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Metabolism of Corticosteroids

A

Circulating cortisol is bound to Corticosteroid Binding Globulin
Excreted as glucuronates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Metabolism

A
  • Convert amino acids to glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis (increase blood glucose)
  • Peripheral insulin resistance
  • Glucose formation, reducing glucose utilization
  • Makes glucose available for glycogen synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Protein Metabolism

A
  • High levels - loss of muscle, bone, skin and connective tissue
  • Catabolism and suppress synthesis
  • Increase protein synthesis in liver
  • Decreased amino acid transport, increased to liver
  • Decreased synthesis of collagen and glycoasminoglycans
  • Stimulates appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Fat Metabolism

A
  • Enhance lipolysis
  • Decrease conversion of glucose to fatty acids
  • Increased oxygen of fatty acids
  • Adipocyte differentiation and fat deposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cortisol Effect on Tissues and Organs

A
  • Maintains contractility and work output
  • Decreases bone formation - blocks synthesis of vitamin D
  • Decreases vascular permeability
  • Adrenergic vasoconstriction (maintains blood pressure)
  • Increases GFR and Water Excretion
  • Modulates perception and emotional function
  • Stimulates surfactant synthesis
  • Maturation of intestinal mucosa
  • Immunosuppresant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A
  • Hyperglycemia Muscle wasting
  • Central Obesity Round face
  • Supraclavicular fat Buffalo Hump
  • Osteoporosis Hypertension
  • Virilization in females Menstural Disorders
  • Surgical Removal of Tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome vs. Disease

A

Syndrome due to adrenal gland, disease due to pituitary problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

-Hypoglycemia Anorexia and weight loss
-Nausea and vomiting Weakness
-Hypotension Hyperkalemia
-Metabolic acidosis Hyperpigmentation
-Decreased axillary hair
Cortisol and aldosterone replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Addison’s Disease Cause

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland

17
Q

21 B Hydroxylase Deficiency

A 
Virilization in females
Early linear growth
Early axillary hair
Glucocorticoid deficiency
Mineral-corticoid deficiency 
-Cortisol and Aldosterone replacement
-Increased ACTH, decreased cortisol
18
Q

17 A Hydroxylase Deficiency

A

Lack of pubic hair and axillary hair
Glucocorticoid deficiency and excess mineral-corticoid
Cortisol replacement and aldosterone antagonist treatment

19
Q

Aldosterone Functions

A

Renal NA reabsorption, K excretion

20
Q

Aldosterone Physiology

A 
Works on distal tubules and collecting ducts
Binds to type 1 receptors
Stimulates Na reabsorption, K excretion
Increase extracellular fluid volume
Alkalosis
Affects Na/K, increase intracellular K
21
Q

Aldosterone Cellular Effects

A

Increase ion channels at luminal surface
Increased Na/K ATPase at capillary surface
Stimulates ATP production via mitochondrial Kreb’s cycle and plasma membrane synthesis

22
Q

Aldosterone Regulation

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
ANH and Dopamine inhibit
ACTH, POMC, low plasma Na stimulate

23
Q

Escape Phenomenon (Hyperaldosteronism)

A
  • Na uptake increases, blood volume increases
  • Higher blood Na, restored blood volume, low K stimulate, secrete ANH
  • ANH inhibits Na channel - diuresis and natriuresis
  • ANH inhibits Renin secretion
  • Prevents Na overload and edema
24
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Chromaffin Cells - synthesize and release epinephrine and norepinephrine

25
Q

Synthesis, storage and secretion of epinephrine

A

Tyrosine to DOPA to Dopamine to Norepinephrine to Epinephrine

26
Q

Secretion of Epinephrine

A

Cholinergic stimulation
Depolarizes cell membrane, Na entry, and Ca influx
Microtubules and microfilaments transport granules
Exocytosis and release of content - E, NE, ATP, B-hydroxylase, POMC

27
Q

Metabolism of Epinephrine

A

Half life 2 min

Degrades to vanillymandelic acid and metanephrine in liver an kidney by MAO and COMT

28
Q

Regulation of Epinephrine Secretion

A

Emotional activities and stress

Hypoglycemia increase release

29
Q

Functions of Epinephrine

A
  • Hyperglycemia - increase liver and muscle glycogenolysis - glucose output
  • Induce lactate production
  • Inhibit insulin release
  • Stimulates glucagon release and gluconeogeneis
  • Enhances lipolysis
30
Q

Metabolic Effects of Epinephrine on B Receptor

A

Increase: Glycogenolysis, Glucooneogenesis, Lipolysis and ketosis, Calorigenesis, Glucagon secretion, Muscle uptake

Decrease: Glucose utilization

31
Q

Metabolic Effects of Epinephrine on A Receptor

A

Increase: Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogensis

Decrease: Insulin Secretion

32
Q

Cardiovascular Effects of Epinephrine on B Receptor

A

Increase: cardiac contractility, heart rate, conduction velocity, arteriolar dilation, blood pressure

33
Q

Cardiovascular Effects of Epinephrine on A Receptor

A

Increase: cardiac contractility, arteriolar vasoconstriction

34
Q

Visceral Effects of Epinephrine on B Receptor

A

Increase: muscular relaxation (GI, urinary, bronchial)

35
Q

Visceral Effects of Epinephrine on A Receptor

A

Increase: sphincter contraction (GI, urinary)

36
Q

Other Effects of Epinephrine on A Receptor

A

Increase: platelet aggregation, sweating, dilation of pupils

37
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tachycardia, sweating, anxiety, vasoconstriction, chest pain, increased blood pressure, can cause stroke, extreme hyperglycemia

From Flashcardlet (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions