Pinatubo 1991

Question 1

Primary Physical Hazards

Answer 1

Ash Cloud - 40km High
Massive Pyroclastic Flows

Question 2

Secondary Physical Hazards

Answer 2

Quick Developing Lahars and Mud Flows

Question 3

Plate Boundary?

Answer 3

Convergent/Destructive

Question 4

Primary impacts

Answer 4

350 people died during eruption
Lahars caused many buildings to be destroyed
Towns buried in mud
Jets damaged by ash

Question 5

Secondary Impacts

Answer 5

Total death toll reached 847
Left more than 200,000 people homeless
Ash deposits burned crops
Affected global weather
Caused cooling at surface - ash droplets reflecting sunlight
Chemical effect on ozone above Philippines
Electricity and Communications Down
Contaminated Water

Question 6

Causes of Deaths

Answer 6

Most from collapsed buildings and roofs
Some people drowned by mudflows

Question 7

Response

Answer 7

Early recognition of evacuation risk
6 miles radius danger zone declared
About 20,000 safely evacuated before eruption
Mobilised hospitals, schools for safe holding of evacuees
Asked for damage relief aid later from foreign countries and NGOs

Question 8

Perception

Answer 8

Early recognition of evacuation risk
Knew that it would be necessary to get people out due to thorough predictions and well received warnings
Deaths were more of a cause of happenstance due to most being from buildings collapsing
Infrastructure nearby volcano was main issue - should’ve been originally made much stronger and more durable

Answer 9

Early recognition of evacuation risk
Knew that it would be necessary to get people out due to thorough predictions and well received warnings
Deaths were more of a cause of happenstance due to most being from buildings collapsing
Infrastructure nearby volcano was main issue - should’ve been originally made much stronger and more durable