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Endocrine > Pituitary Gland Anatomy > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon form?

A

central core of cerebrum with connections to right and left cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

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3
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

anatomically and functionally connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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4
Q

what can the infundibulum otherwise be known as?

A

pituitary stalk, infundibulum=funnel

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5
Q

what lobes is the pituitary anatomically and functionally divided up into?

A

anterior and posterior

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6
Q

what is the anterior lobe also known as?

A

adenohypophysis

  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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7
Q

what is the posterior lobe also known as?

A

neurohypophysis

-pars nervosa

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8
Q

which lobe is an extension of brain?

A

posterior

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9
Q

which lobe synthesises and releases most of the pituitary hormones?

A

anterior

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10
Q

which hormones does the posterior lobe produce?

A

ADH and oxytocin (synthesised in hypothalamus)

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11
Q

what is the location of the pituitary gland?

A

it is a midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone (deep in cranial cavity)

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12
Q

where does the pituitary fossa lie?

A

sella turcica

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13
Q

what is the relation between the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm?

A

lies immediately inferior to the optic chiasm

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14
Q

what is the brain stem continuous with?

A

spinal cord

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15
Q

what is the controlling centre for the whole endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

centre for sensation

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17
Q

what does sella turcica mean?

A

turkish saddle

18
Q

what are the visual fields?

A

nasal and temporal (right and left)

19
Q

what are the photoreceptors in the nasal and temporal retina?

A

rods and cones

20
Q

what is the optic chiasma formed from?

A

right and left optic nerves

21
Q

what visual fields cross over?

A

nasal

22
Q

what clinical feature can a pituitary tumour result in?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

23
Q

why does bitemporal hemianopia occur?

A

tumour impinging on optic chiasma which disrupts transmission of action potentials from nasal retina bilaterally

24
Q

what field of vision is restricted in bitemporal hemianopia?

A

temporal (medial part of retinas)

25
Q

what are the two surgical access areas?

A

transcranial and transsphenoidal

26
Q

what surgical access type is more common?

A

transsphenoidal

27
Q

what are nasal conchae covered by?

A

mucous membranes

28
Q

what do nasal conchae do?

A

warm air and help to humidify it when breathing through the nose

29
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces within bones surrounding nasal cavities

30
Q

what are paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

mucus-secreting respiratory mucosa

31
Q

is there a known function of paranasal sinuses?

A

no

32
Q

what are some suggested functions of paranasal sinuses?

A

secrete mucus which drains into nasal cavities through ostia (single=ostium-bony drainage hole), reduce weight of the skull, add resonance to voice

33
Q

what are Le Fort fractures of the facial skeleton?

A

nasty fractures that depend on how much of the eye or orbital cavity is involved

34
Q

what is significant about Le Fort 1 fractures?

A

Le Fort 1 down fracture approach to the nasal cavities provides better surgical access in more complicated cases

35
Q

what is dura mater?

A

thick fibrous membrane that covers the whole brain and lines the entire cranial cavity internally

36
Q

what do the vertebral arteries anastomose to form?

A

basilar artery

37
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

thought sheet of dura mater tenting over cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa but has a central gap to allow brainstem to pass through

38
Q

what is the diaphragm sellae?

A

tough sheet of dura mater forming roof over pituitary fossa and sellae turcica

39
Q

what does trigeminal mean?

A

three twins

40
Q

what are dural venous sinuses?

A

venous channels within dura mater that drain most of venous blood from cranial cavity including the brain into internal jugular veins (spaces between dural folds

41
Q

what makes dural venous sinuses different to veins?

A

no proper venous walls (different histologically but similar function

42
Q

where do dural venous sinuses drain into internal jugular veins?

A

jugular foraminae in the floor of posterior cranial fossa

Endocrine (7 decks)

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