PK Quiz Chapter 5,7 Short Answer Flashcards
What were the causes of Russian expansion?
Russians feared the neighboring pastoral people had conducted raids on their Russian neighbors and sold them into slavery under Mongol Rule so they expanded territory into the pastoral people, which also gave them easy access to Pacific Ocean.
Why might the Russian state depend on the Cossack armies?
The Russian state might depend on Cossack armies to defend its borders and they were largely independent and would exchange for privileges from the Russian government
How did the Russian Empire transform the lives of the people it conquered?
For the native people, it overwhelmed their population and forced the pastoralists to abandon their nomadic ways.
How did Russia’s westward expansion change Russia?
During the late 1600s and 1700s, Russia acquired substantial territories in the Baltic region, Poland, and Ukraine thanks to its military power. This contact with other European forces fostered an awareness of Russia’s lack of development compared to that of Europe, prompting an extensive program for westernization led by Peter the Great. The program included improvements to Russian administrative charges, military forces, educational system, and manufacturing enterprises. Further, it led to the creation of Russia’s capital city, St. Petersburg, which was Russia’s “window on the West.”
How did the expansion of Russia and China transform Central Asia?
Prior to Russian and Chinese control in Central Asia, the region served as the crossroad of Eurasia, hosting the Silk Road trade network and increasing interaction between the nomads of the steppes and the farmers of settled agricultural regions; however, under Russian or Qing rule, oceanic trade became more prominent than land-based commerce. Indebted Mongolians lost their land to Chinese merchants whereas nomads fled to urban areas, for they could no longer herd their animals freely and were reduced to begging. This eliminated nomadic pastoralists, which were the strongest alternative to settled agricultural societies (end of an era).
How did Mughal attitudes and policies towards Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?
Akbar had far more religious tolerance for the Hindu majority. Aurangzeb reversed this imposing Islamic supremacy and antagonization of Hindus.
Compare the political aspects of the Mughal and Ottoman empires.
A substantial number of Christian men became part of the Ottoman Elite without converting to Islam. Ottoman dealings with Christian and Jewish people resemble Akbar’s policies towards Hindu majority in Mughal Empire.
What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era?
Continued Islamization depended (Muslim) Sufis, Islamic scholars, and interregional traders. Because they posed no threat to local rulers, they were useful in that they offered literary in Arabic, established schools, provided protectives charms from the Quran, served as advisers and healers, intermarried, and did not force new converts to give up their old practices. It was a connection with the world of Islam.
What accounts for the emergence of reform or renewal movement within the Islamic world?
The religious syncretism of Islam played an important role in movements of religious renewal and reform that emerged in the Islamic world. The most well known Islamic renewal movements was Wahhabi Islam.
What features of Sikhism created a distinct religious community?
The religion of Sikhism, a blend of Islam and Hinduism, established that “there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God.” The teaching found in their sacred book, the Guru Granth, ignored caste distinctions and untouchability and ended the seclusion of women, drawing upon the idea of equality between men and women.
What caused the cultural changes that took place in India during the Early Modern Period?
Within elite culture, Akbar formed a state cult that combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism. The Mughal court embraced Renaissance Christian art and commissioned a Sufi spiritual master to compose a book describing Hindu yoga positions. In popular culture, the devotional form of Hinduism, Bhakti, abridged the gulf between Hindu and Muslim. The mystical dimension of the bhakti movement paralleled Sufi forms of Islam, as both honored spiritual sages and all those seeking God. These cultural changes brought Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression.
