plant animal repro and development

Question 1

what is development

Answer 1

formulation of specialized cells in organisms

Question 2

what are the 3 major overlapping processes of development

Answer 2

1. cell divison
2. morphogenesis
3. cell differentiation

Question 3

what is morphogenesis

Answer 3

growth, shaping and structural arrangement of cells

Question 4

what is cell differentiation

Answer 4

cell specialization

Question 5

describe the 2- cell stage

Answer 5

happens after zygote undergoes mitosis. consists of terminal cell and basal cell

Question 6

what is the globular stage

Answer 6

proembryo, develops into meristematic tissue

Question 7

What does the suspensor do

Answer 7

divided cells below the globular stage area that shuttle nutrients from endosperm to embryo

Question 8

what is a blastula

Answer 8

a fluid filled ball of 128 cells or more

Question 9

what is a gastrula

Answer 9

occurs after blastulation, looks like blastula is being folded in half

Question 10

what is the apical/ terminal cell

Answer 10

the top cell in the 2- cell stage, turns into shoots

Question 11

what is the basal cell

Answer 11

the bottom cell in the 2- cell stage, turns into roots

Question 12

what is the cotyledon

Answer 12

embryonic seedling leaves, heart shapped under microscope

Question 13

what is imbibition

Answer 13

this is the initial step in seed germination. The water moves into ovules which are ripening into seeds by imbibition

Question 14

what is the hypocotyl

Answer 14

the embryonic axis that bears the seedling leaves (cotyledons)

Question 15

what is indeterminate growth

Answer 15

growth that doesn’t stop when under healthy conditions

Question 16

what tissue comes from the ectoderm

Answer 16

epidermis and nervous system

Question 17

What systems come from the mesoderm

Answer 17

skeletal and muscular system

Question 18

what comes from the endoderm in advanced organisms

Answer 18

multiple organs and glands

Question 19

What is somite

Answer 19

segmented muscles

Question 20

where does the neural tube come from

Answer 20

the neural tube forms from the neural fold

Question 21

what is a neurulation

Answer 21

when the dorsal ectoderm folds in and forms the neural tube which then becomes the brain and spinalchord

Question 22

what is organogenesis

Answer 22

when organs are created, usually from 3 germ layers

Question 23

what is a germ layer

Answer 23

primary layer of cells formed during embryonic development -> becomes the ectoderm and endoderm

Question 24

What is blastopore

Answer 24

an opening on a blastula, leads to the archenteron- can become the mouth or anus

Question 25

what is the archenteron

Answer 25

an invagination created w/ a single opening -> becomes the digestive system

Question 26

What is blastocoel

Answer 26

fluid that cleavage cells secrete into the center of the blastula

Question 27

what is cleavage in the cell

Answer 27

-mitosis without size increase
-reduces each cell to a size more manageable by a nucleus

Question 28

what is the mini process of cell development

Answer 28

zygote (fertilized egg) -> eight cells -> cell movement makes a blastula -> gastrula -> adult animal