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biology > plant kingdom > Flashcards

plant kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

Which group of algae has mannitol as the reserve food material?

A

The Phaeophyceae group or the brown algae has mannitol as the reserve food material.

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2
Q

Name the plants with

Haplontic life cycle
Diplontic life cycle
Haplo-diplontic life cycle

A

Haplontic life cycle- Volvox
Diplontic life cycle- All seed-bearing plants
Hapiodiplontic life cycle- Bryophytes

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3
Q

Roots are used for the purpose of absorption. What is equivalent to roots in less developed lower plants?

A

A.3. In less developed lower plants root-like structures called rhizoids are present. For eg., in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

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4
Q

What is male and female sex organs in Bryophytes are called as?

A

The male and female sex organs in Bryophytes are called antheridium and archegonium

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5
Q

Column I Column II
Chlamydomonas Moss
Cycas Pteridophyte
Selaginella Algae
Sphagnum Gymnosperm

A

Chlamydomonas-Algae
Cycas-Gymnosperm
Selaginella-Pteridophyte
Sphagnum-Moss

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6
Q

Cyanobacteria are classified under which kingdom?

A

A.6. Cyanobacteria are classified under kingdom Monera.

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7
Q

What do you mean by anisogamy?

A

It is a type of sexual reproduction that involves the fusion of two motile gametes that are dissimilar in size.

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8
Q

How many cells an embryo sac is made of?

A

The embryo sac is made up of two synergids, one egg cell, three antipodal cells, and one secondary nucleus.

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9
Q

What are the three groups of plants that bear archegonia?

A

Bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms

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10
Q

. Why are both gymnosperms and angiosperm in spite of both bearing seeds?

A

This happens because in gymnosperms the seeds are not present inside the fruit, while in angiosperms they are enclosed inside the fruit

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11
Q

.What is an artificial system of classification?

A

In-Plant kingdom, the artificial system of classification is based on the vegetative characters and androecium structure.

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12
Q

.What is the Botanical name of sea palm?

A

Postelsia palmaeformis

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13
Q

What is Chemotaxonomy?

A

the method of biological classification based on similarities in the chemical constituents of the plants

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14
Q

Why are bryophytes considered amphibians of the plant kingdom?

A

Bryophytes are considered amphibians of the plant kingdom because they depend on water for the movement of male gametes called antherozoids to reach archegonium for fertilization

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15
Q

Compare the various reproductive parts of pteridophytes and gymnosperms with those of angiosperms.

A

gymnosperms angiosperms
Cone Flower
Megasporophyll Anther
Megasporangium Ovule
Microsporangium Stamen
Microsporophyll Pistil/Carpel

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16
Q

Does heterospory have some evolutionary significance in the plant kingdom?

A

Pteridophytes are intermediate between bryophytes and gymnosperms.
Primitive pteridophytes are homosporous while the later pteridophytes are heterosporous.
Bryophytes are homosporous and gymnosperms are heterosporous

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17
Q

How far does Selaginella fall short of seed habit?

A

Selaginella gives rise to two kinds of spores, megaspores and microspores. These spores germinate and give rise to male and female gametophytes. But, due to lack of integument around the megasporangium, Selaginella falls short of seed habit

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18
Q

Discuss the phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other group of plants.

A

Cycas is an evergreen plant that looks like a palm.
It exhibits a phylogenetic relationship with pteridophyte.
The evolutionary characters include:
Shedding of seed when the embryo is immature.
Slow growth.
Monocyclic wood.
Little secondary growth.
Leaf-like megasporophylls.
Circinate ptysix.
Persistent leaf bases.
Arrangement of microsporangia is well-defined archegonia

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19
Q

Differentiate between the male gametophytes of pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

A

1- Gymnosperms 2-Pteridophyte
1-A distinct male gametophyte is always present.
2- A distinct male 2 gametophyte is absent.
1- Antheridium is not present.
2- Antheridium is present.
1- Male gametes may or may not be flagellated.
2-Male gametes are flagellated.
1- Male gametes reach the female gamete through pollen tube.
2-Male gametes reach the female gamete by flowing in water.

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20
Q

Differentiate between the male gametophytes of pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

A

Gymnosperms Pteridophyte
1- A distinct gametophyte is always present.
2- A distinct gametophyte may or may not be present.
1- Female gametophyte does not leave the parent plant.
2- It is independent of the parent plant.
1- Enclosed inside an ovule.
2- Not enclosed inside the ovule.

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21
Q

Mycorrhiza and coralloid roots are found in which plants? What do these terms mean?

A

Mycorrhiza is present between fungus and roots of vascular plants.
Coralloid roots are present in Cycas

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22
Q

The heterosporous pteridophytes exhibit certain characteristics which are precursors to the seed habits in gymnosperms. Explain.

A

1-Heterospory is the production of two types of spores; the megaspores and the microspores.
2- The microspores produce male gametophyte which produces male gametes.
3- the megaspores produce female gametophyte which produces archegonia and provides nourishment to the embryo.
4- heterospory leads to a reduction of the gametophyte and in pteridophytes forms the base of seed habits in gymnosperms.

23
Q

What is the importance of Algae?

A

1- Helps in carbon dioxide fixation.
2- They are the simplest forms of producers in a food chain.
3- Helps in increasing the dissolved oxygen level in the environment.
4-which are used as a source of food.
5-They are a source of crude oil

24
Q

How is gametophyte a dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

1- Gametophyte bears the male reproductive organ antheridia and female reproductive organ archegonia
2-producing male gametes (antherozoids) and female gametes (egg cell)
3-The antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce a zygote. Zygote forms a multicellular body known as the sporophyte.

25
Q

Describe the life cycle of a plant.

A

1- starts as a seed.
2-the seed germinate and grow as a plant 3-the plant produce flowers.
4-after fertilization the flower produce fruits.
5- fruits contain seeds

26
Q

What do you mean by double fertilization

A

one male gamete fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The other male gametes fuse with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid zygote that develops into the endosperm. This is known as double fertilization

27
Q

What do you mean by triple fusion

A

The three haploid nuclei fuse to form endosperm. It is known as triple fusion.

28
Q

What are parasitic algae?

A

1-also called as the common plant pathogen.
2-commonly seen in warm, humid climates and are usually found in the leathery leaf plants such as litchi, hollies, magnolias, and viburnums
3-Parasitic algae are the major causes of foliar disease and red rust of tea leaf.
4- ex: Cephaleuros (green algae)

29
Q

List any two differences’ between gymnosperms & angiosperms?

A

Angiosperms Gymnosperms
A-The lifecycle of these plants are seasonal. G- These plants are evergreen.
A- It has triploid tissue.
G-It has haploid tissue.
A- Leaves are flat in shape.
G-Leaves are scalelike and needle-like in shape.
A-Hardwood type
G-Softwood type

30
Q

Classify plant kingdom?

A

1- algae (a- cholorophycea [green] / b- phaeophyceae [brown] / c- rhodophyceae [red]).
2-bryophytes : (a-liverworts / b-moses)
3-pteridophytes
4- gymnosperms
5-angiosperms

31
Q

Describe the main features of pteridophytes?

A

1- They are seedless,
2- vascular plants that show true alternation of generations
3- the sporophyte has true roots, stems and leaves.
4- They reproduce by spores, which are developed in sporangia.
5- They may be homosporous or heterosporous.

32
Q

Describe the similarities in sexual reproduction of moss & fern

A

Their mode of sexual reproduction is oogamous.
- The female gamete (archegonia) is non-motile while the male gamete (antheridia) is motile.
- Their sperms are flagellate.
- External fertilization occurs i.e. water is needed for the sperm to reach the archegonia.
- Their embryo depends on the gametophytic phase.
- Both shows heteromorphic alternation of generation.
- Both are mostly found in moist, shady locations.

33
Q

Which red algae is used as a vegetable?

A

Ans. Porphyra, red algae

34
Q

How pteridophytes are different from liverworts?

A

-Liverworts are bryophytes that have gametophytes as the main plant body.
-pteridophytes have sporophytes as the main plant body.

35
Q

Name the plants which produce seeds but no flowers or seeds?

A

Ans. Pteridophyte

36
Q

What are two classes of bryophytes?

A

liverworts and mosses

37
Q

Give one example of unicellular algae.

A

Chlamydomonas

38
Q

liverworts are bryophytes. Give reason.

A

Bryophytes that appear like liver are called liverworts. example- Marchantia

39
Q

Define heterosporous pteridophyte

A

heterosporous pteridophytes produce two different types of spores, macro and micro

40
Q

define Homosporous pteridophyte

A

plants that produce only one type of spore.

41
Q

Define cryptogams?

A

The plants that reproduce by spores without flowers or seeds are called cryptogams

42
Q

Discuss the significance of capsules in mosses.

A

The sporophyte in mosses consists of a foot, seta and capsule.
The capsule consists of spores that are formed after meiosis.
the spores are released and taken away by the wind

43
Q

explain Monoecious plants

A

Monoecious plants are those in which both male and female sex organs are present on one of the same individuals. For example- Cucurbit, Chara, Coconut etc.

44
Q

explain Monoecious plants

A

Monoecious plants are those in which both male and female sex organs are present on one of the same individuals. For example- Cucurbit, Chara, Coconut etc.

45
Q

explain Dioecious plants

A

Dioecious plants are those in which both male and female sex organs are on different individuals. For example- include Ginkgo, willows, Cannabis, and African teak

46
Q

The commercial uses of algae are as follows-

A

1- Algae such as Gelidium and Gracilaria are used to grow microbes.
2- They are used in the preparations of ice-creams and jellies.
3- Chlorella is rich in proteins and is used as a food supplement by space travellers.
4- Many species of Laminaria and Sargassum marine algae are used as food.

47
Q

write the characteristics of Chlorophyceae
according to
1- Major pigments
2-Stored food
3-Cell wall

A

1-(Green algae) \
2-Chlorophyll a, b
3-Starch
4- Cellulose

48
Q

write the characteristics of Phaeophyceae
name
Major pigments
Stored food
Cell wall

A

1-Brown algae
2- Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin
3- Mannitol, laminarin
5- Cellulose and algin

49
Q

write the characteristics of Rhodophyceae
name
Major pigments
Stored food
Cell wall

A

Red algae
Chlorophyll a, d, phycoerythrin
Floridean /starch
Cellulose, pectin and poly-sulphate esters

50
Q

How gymnosperm can tolerate extreme environments?

A

1- Thick cuticle
2-Sunken stomata
3- Needle-like leaves

51
Q

write short note about pinus

A

Roots have a fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza
The stems are branched
They have needle-like leaves.

52
Q

write short note on cycas

A

They have small, specialized roots called coralloid roots that are associated with cyanobacteria
The stems are unbranched
They have pinnately compound leaves.

53
Q

List five characteristic features of Bryophytes.

A

They are thallus-like, prostate or erect.
They have a root-like structure called rhizoids.
They possess root-like, stem and leaf-like structures.
The main plant body is a haploid.
They have dominant gametophyt

54
Q

Write advantages of fern?

A

Medicinal use- They are used as astringents to stop bleeding during the birth of a child.
Ornamental- They are used for decoration.
Furniture- Their wood is resistant to termites and thus is good for making high-quality furniture.

biology (7 decks)

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