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Botany Lec Finals > Plant Physiology, Growth and Development > Flashcards

Plant Physiology, Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

absorb water and minerals (nutrients) from the soil

A

Roots

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2
Q

To grow, flower, and produce seeds, plants need a variety of _________ in addition to carbon dioxide and water

A

Inorganic Nutrients

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3
Q

Most important nutrients that plants need

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

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4
Q

______ comes from the soil, while _______ comes from the air

A

Water and Minerals, Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What are the positively charged minerals that adhere by electrical attraction to the negatively charged surfaces of clay particles

A

Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+)

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6
Q

Minerals that are negatively charged that are less tightly bound to soil particles and tend to leach away more quickly

A

Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (H2PO-4), Sulfate (SO4^-2)

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7
Q

are made available to the plant when hydrogen ions (H+ ) in the soil displace the mineral ions from the clay particles

A

Positively charged mineral ions

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8
Q

A process that is stimulated by the roots, which secrete H+ and compounds that form acids in the soil solution.

A

Cation exchange

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9
Q

What do cell membrane of root epidermal cells contain

A

Active Transport Protein (ATP)

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10
Q

Movement of water to the side with the greater concentration of
solute (a passive transport of water)

A

Osmosis

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11
Q

move water and minerals from the root epidermis into the cortex

A

Osmosis and active transport

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12
Q

The water and dissolved minerals pass the inner boundary of the cortex and enter the _____

A

Endodermis

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13
Q

Cells in the endodermis are made waterproof by the

A

Casparian strip

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14
Q

Each endodermal cell is surrounded on four sides by a
waterproof strip called the

A

Casparian strip

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15
Q

What kind of transportation does Casparian strip controls

A

Apoplastic Transport

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16
Q

the cytoplasmic continuum

A

Symplast

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17
Q

the continuum of cell walls plus extracellular spaces

A

Apoplast

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18
Q

pushes water through the vascular system of the entire plant

A

Root pressure

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19
Q

Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the

A

Xylem

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20
Q

Water is pulled upward by
_________ in the xylem

A

negative pressure

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21
Q

Water is pulled up through the xylem

A

Transpiration, Adhesion, Cohesion, and Tension

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22
Q

generated by transpiration is largely responsible for the upward movement of water in xylem

A

negative pressure

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23
Q

According to this theory: Due to transpiration, water is lost in the form of vapor from the leaves

A

Transpiration Pull Theory

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24
Q

powers photosynthesis and these sugars are transported via the phloem (translocation)

A

Sunlight

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25
Q

Materials are translocated in the phloem from sources (usually mature leaves) to sinks (roots, immature leaves)

A

Phloem transport

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26
Q

also called mass-flow or bulk flow

A

Pressure flow model

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27
Q

Translocated solutes are mainly

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

It is the most common translocated sugar

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Phloem also contains

A

Amino acids, proteins, inorganic ions, and plant hormones

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30
Q

Sugars and other organic materials are conducted throughout the plant in the phloem by means of

A

Sieve tube elements

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31
Q

is driven by a gradient of pressure.

A

Flow

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32
Q

It is required to establish the pressure gradient, but energy is not required by cells of the pathway itself.

A

Energy

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33
Q

Often occurs at night, is caused by the continued, active accumulation of ions in the roots at times when transpiration from the leaves is very low or absent

A

Root pressure

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33
Q

The exudation of water droplets (xylem sap) on tips of grass blades or the leaf margins of some small, herbaceous eudicots

A

Guttation

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34
Q

does not take place through the stomata, but instead occurs through special groups of cells located near the ends of small veins

A

Guttation

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35
Q

Are connected to the plant vascular system by a vascular bundle. It probably evolved from modified stomata

A

Hydathodes

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36
Q

The evaporation of water vapor from plant surfaces; especially in leaves (through the stomata), also in stems, flowers, and roots.

A

Transpiration

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37
Q

When is stomata usually closed

A

when there is too little water available, temperature is low, or there is little light.

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38
Q

Stomatal Control is controlled by

A

Guard cells

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39
Q

regulate water loss in plants
and the rate of CO2 uptake

A

Stomata

40
Q

What happens to the stomata during night

A

No photosynthesis occurs, stomata is closed

41
Q

What happens to the stomata during a sunny day

A

Demand for photosynthesis is high, stomata is open

42
Q

What happens to the stomata when water is abundant

A

Stoma is wide open

43
Q

What happens to the stomata when water is limited

A

Stomata will open less or remain closed even on a sunny day

44
Q

It is what flank the stoma which also controls the diameter of the stoma by changing shape

A

Guard cells

45
Q

Guard cells gain and loss water by

A

Osmosis

46
Q

It is defined as an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells; definite (measurable)

A

Growth

47
Q

It is the emergence of specialized, morphologically different body parts; indefinite

A

Development

48
Q

In biological systems, what does growth mean

A

indicates a quantifiable change in size

49
Q

In biological systems, what does development mean

A

indicates a transformation
of structure

50
Q

What are the internal factors that regulate the growth of plants

A

Affecting growth and development of plants are the Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)

50
Q

What are the external factors that regulate growth of plants

A

light intensity, day length, gravity, touch, temperature, and water

51
Q

Plant growth is influenced by

A

phytohormones (plant
growth regulators/PGRs)

52
Q

is a chemical produced in one part of an organism, transported to other tissues where it has its effect

A

Hormone

53
Q

are organic compounds produced in the meristems and transported through the vascular system of the plant

A

Plant Growth Regulator

54
Q

It determines the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruits.

A

Plant Growth Regulator

55
Q

Four types of movement that transports PGR

A
  1. cytoplasmic streaming within cells
  2. slow diffusion of ions and molecules between cells
  3. sieve tubes of the phloem
  4. xylem
56
Q

5 main group of PGR

A
  1. Auxin
  2. Gibberellin or Gibberellic acid
  3. Cytokinin
  4. Ethylene
  5. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
57
Q

PGR that promote growth

A

Auxins, Gibberellin, and Cytokinin

58
Q

PGR that inhibits growth

A

Abscisic Acid, Ethylene

59
Q

PGRs are produced in what concentration

A

Low concentration

60
Q

Synthesized in the shoot apical meristem promote cell enlargement and growth

A

Auxin

61
Q

It inhibits cell division in some tissues (apical dominance). Stimulate cell division in vascular cambium. It helps regulate gravitropism (change in direction of growth due to gravity

A

Auxin

62
Q

change in direction of growth due to gravity

A

gravitropism

63
Q

In shoots, light causes auxin to move down the shaded part of the stem, causing the shoot to grow towards the sunlight

A

Phototropism

64
Q

Are used in rooting powders
to stimulate root formation in stem cuttings

A

Artificial Auxins

65
Q

It is used as a selective weed killer (weedicide), causing unequal growth (twisting & deforming of leaf blades and stems), thus the overall growth of the plant is retarded and eventually stopped

A

synthetic auxin

66
Q

Promote cell division and elongation in plant shoots and cell (differentiation). It breaks seed and bud dormancy. Play a role in flowering and fruit formation in many species. Help make carbohydrates for embryo. Cause stem lengthening

A

Gibberellin or Gibberellic Acid

67
Q

used to stimulate fruit production

A

Gibberellin sprays

68
Q

when floral buds are initiating, the plant is sprayed with auxin or gibberellin so that the fruits do not develop seeds

A

artificial parthenocarpy

69
Q

Promotes cell division; found in meristems, young leaves and growing seeds. Slow cell aging by inhibiting protein break down and
stimulating protein synthesis

A

Cytokinin

70
Q

Promotes chlorophyll synthesis. Enhance stomatal opening in some species

A

Cytokinin

71
Q

Plant growth is a balance between the action of _______ and _______

A

Auxins and Cytokinins

72
Q

Called the plant stress hormone because it causes changes to the plant to protect itself from environmental stress

A

Ethylene

72
Q

What are cytokinin sprays used for

A

Prevention of rotting

73
Q

Regulates the growth of plant roots and shoots around obstacles

A

Triple response

74
Q

Stimulates fruit ripening, leaf and fruit drop, flower and leaf
senescence

A

Ethylene

75
Q

It breaks down chlorophyll which causes leaves to fall. It is produced when senescence or abscission (falling of leaves or
fruits) is needed

A

Ethylene

76
Q

What happens during triple response in plants

A

Stem elongation slows
Thickening of stem
Curvature to stem growth

77
Q

inhibits growth in response to changes in temperature and light
(e.g. seasons); causes bud and seed dormancy

A

Abscisin or Abscisic Acid

78
Q

Controls the closing of stomata in dry conditions

A

Abscisin or Abscisic Acid

79
Q

has great survival value because it ensures that the seed will germinate only when there are optimal conditions of
light, temperature, and moisture

A

Seed dormancy

80
Q

Are steroids chemically similar to
cholesterol and the sex hormones of animals

A

Brassinosteroid

81
Q

When was Brassinosteroid first isolated

A

Brassica Pollen in 1979

82
Q

Induce cell elongation and division in stem segments and seedlings. They also retard leaf abscission and promote xylem
differentiation

A

Bassinosteroid

83
Q

External Factors that affect plant growth

A

Light, Food, Water, Temperature, Soil pH

84
Q

It is limited by environmental factors

A

Quantity

85
Q

Quality of light is influenced by

A

– Shade from other plants
– Cloud cover
– Time of day
– Seasons

86
Q

_______ in meristems increases the potential for growth

A

Cell Division

87
Q

It is the irreversible change in size of cells and plant organs due to both cell division and cell enlargement

A

Growth

88
Q

Accounts for the actual increase in plant size

A

Cell expansion

89
Q

when an organ or part or whole
organism reaches a certain size and then stops growing

A

Determinate Growth

90
Q

when cells continue to divide
indefinitely

A

Indeterminate Growth

91
Q

Cell division only takes place in areas called

A

Meristem

92
Q

Where are meristems found

A

Roots and Shoots

93
Q

It is the progression from earlier to later stages in maturation

A

Development

94
Q

Development involves what

A

Growth, Morphogenesis, Cell Differentiation

95
Q

These three act in concert to
transform the fertilized egg into a
plant

A

Growth, morphogenesis, and
cellular differentiation

96
Q

Plants pass through developmental phases

A

Phase Changes

Botany Lec Finals (3 decks)

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